HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM

Tourism is not a recent phenomenon. The historical roots of tourism can be traced back almost to the origins of civilization. At the same time, tourism has evolved from being an activity which was the preserve of the leisured classes (i.e. the aristocracy) who had both the leisure time and means to engage in travel, to a mass phenomenon.

Early 20th Century

    

1938 Holidays with Pay Act - ensured week-long holidays, stimulated mass tourism Regulated weeks holiday at seaside hotels and boarding houses Set meals and times Also, development of holiday camps Development of countryside holidays - camping, rambling and YHA

Post Word War II Further growth in Tourism Activity



Social change
War experience widened perspectives Stimulated desire to travel Increased leisure time and income Growth in car ownership Spread of five-day week - the weekend new unit of free time

Post Word War II Further growth in Tourism Activity



Increased foreign travel

1950s - 1.5 million Britons took holidays abroad 1970s - 5.75 million abroad France and Spain (Costas) made up 1/3 of the market Product - sun, sea and sand

Post Word War II Factors underlying the increase

    

Growth in civil aviation Post-war aircraft and air crew available New Boeing jets (1958) much larger, greater capacity Growth of chartered flights - cheap packages Increased car ownership - cross-channel ferries and continental touring

Trends in the 1980s and 1990s

     

Move towards more flexible holiday formats Villas, timeshares, self-catering Move away from mass package holidays (sun, sea and sand) Move towards more tailor-made holidays Specialised areas Personalised packages

Trends in the 1980s and 1990s

     

Technological improvements in aircraft Wider bodied (jumbo-jets), greater fuel capacity, fewer stopovers Long-haul destinations for mass package holidays (e.g., Florida) Eco-tourism - environmentally aware tourism Growth in cultural and activity tourism Growth in short-break tourism - demise of the two-week summer holiday - postmodern lifestyles

Late 90s and 21st Century

    

Novelty and specialist tourism New destinations, man-made resorts Greater segmentation of the market ABILITY has increased - many have more free time, greater disposable income MOBILITY has increased - improved and cheaper travel technology MOTIVATION has increased

Late 90s and 21st Century Tourist Motivation

MOTIVATION to participate in tourism has increased due to :

Substantial media exposure - has greatly raised consumer awareness Perceived need to escape the stress of postmodern urban lifestyles Recognition of frequent holidays as a necessity, rather than a luxury

Tourism in the 21st C cont.

      


Move towards more flexible holiday formats Villas, timeshares, self-catering Move away from mass package holidays (sun, sea &
sand)

Move towards more tailor-made holidays Personalised packages Tourists seeking more Specialised areas Tourists are more informed
Travel is more frequent but characterized by short stays

TOURISM GENERATING REGIONS (WTO)

East Asia & the Pacific region

       

China Hong Kong Japan Korea Philippines Taiwan Thailand Australia

South Asia region  Indian  Iran  Pakistan Middle East region  Saudi Arabia  Syria  United Arab Emirates  Egypt

CONTD
Africa  Eastern African countries  Western African countries  South Africa Americas  Canada  Latin American countries  USA

Europe  United Kingdom  Germany  France  Italy  Spain & Portugal  Scandinavian countries

TOURISM DESTINATION AREAS (WTO)

ASIA-PACIFIC

    

WTO), divides the region into four zones North-East Asia, including China, japan South-East Asia, including Singapore ,malaysia Oceania, including Australia, Fiji,samoa South Asia, including Bangladesh, India

Contd


Asia-Pacific is undoubtedly, the most dynamic regional tourism market in the world. Between 1990 and 2000, alone, the number of international tourist trips in the region doubled! By 1999, the region accounted for 16% of all international tourist trips, globally. However, it is intraregional travel accounts for the rapid growth of tourism in the region. E.g, in North-East Asia, which includes China, Taiwan, and Japan, 82% of all arrivals in the region were of tourists from elsewhere in the same region, in 1999.

DUBAI

 

Dubai is one of the seven emirates which make up the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Dubai is a very modern, high rise city in an arid desert region with a climate that features high temperatures in the summer and large amounts of sunshine all year round.

Reasons why Dubai is a major destination

    

Its attractive all year round climate close to two major world tourism markets, Europe and Asia one of the worlds best airlines, Emirates. Dubai airport for its duty-free shopping, shopping tourism. Sports facilities such as golf courses

CHALLENGES


The relatively high cost of living, The very high summer temperatures which some tourists find too hot The lack of historical buildings & traditional atmosphere

Global Tourism Trends & Flow Patterns

Int er nat io nal t o ur ist ar r ivals b y co nt inent

600 500 400 300 200 100 0

Europe Asia and t he Pacif ic Americas Middle East Af rica

2007 2006

arrivals in m illions

Global tourism trends cont

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Top te n world de stinations

F ra nc e U n Sp ite a d in S ta te s C h in a U n ite d Ital y K in gd G om er m a ny M ex ic o A u s tr ia R u ss ia

Global tourism trends cont

Leading African tourist destinations

 Egypt  South

 Botswana  Kenya  Nigeria  Algeria  Mozambique

Africa  Morocco  Tunisia  Senegal

GLOBAL TOURISM TRENDS

Tourism is the largest and fastest growing industry in the world  Tourism is one of the top five export categories for as many as 83% of countries and is a main source of foreign exchange earnings for at least 38% of countries  International travel is experiencing an Average growth rate of 6.5% per year


21

1-Feb-12

International Tourist Arrivals, 2007

Europe 480 Million 53%

Americas 143million 16%

Asia / Pacific 185 Million 21% Africa 44 Million 5% Middle East 46 Million 5%

Source: World Tourism Organization

1-Feb-12 22

GLOBAL TOURISM BY REGION

International Tourism Receipts, 2005
Receipts per arrival (euro)
1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 680 870 710 630 580 470

548 billion / US$ 682 billion

E uro pe 52% M iddle East 4% A f ric a 3%

Asia and the Pacific

World

A s ia / P a c if ic 20%

A m e ric as 2 1%

Source: World Tourism Organization

International receipts at US$ 2 billion a day

1-Feb-12 23

Middle East

Americas

Europe

Africa

Top Tourism Destinations

International Tourist Arrivals,2005
France Spain USA China Italy UK Mexico Germany Turkey Austria
0

International Tourism Receipts, 2005

76.0

USA Spain France Italy UK

47.9 42.3 35.4 30.4 29.3 29.2 18.2 15.5 14.9
0 20

82.4

55.6 49.4 46.8 36.5 30.0 22.0 21.5 20.3 20.0

20 40 60 80

47%

China Germany Turkey Austria Australia

51%

Source: World Tourism Organization

40

60

80

100

million
1-Feb-12

US$ billion
24

Top Tourism Spenders

International Tourism Expenditure, 2005 Germany USA UK Japan France Italy China Canada Russia Federation Netherlands
0

73.2 69.5 59.5 37.5 31.2 22.3 19.1 a) 18.4 17.8 16.1
20 40 60 80

56%

US$ billion
Source: World Tourism Organization
1-Feb-12 KWSTI, Naivasha 25

1-Feb-12

26

THE TRAVEL MILLIONS

International Tourist Arrivals by Receiving Region, 1950 - 2005*
900 800 700 600

Middle East Africa Asia and the Pacific Americas Europe

2007 Average growth rate = 6.5% a year

million

500 400 300 200 100 0

898 million

25 million

50

60

70

90

80

00

19

19

19

19

19

20

Source: World Tourism Organization

1-Feb-12 27

20

05

TOURISM FUTURE FORECASTS

Source: World Tourism Organization

1-Feb-12 28

1-Feb-12

29

30

WORLD TOURISM ARRIVALS International tourist arrivals by country of destination 2010 Out of a global total of 940 million tourists, the top ten international tourism destinations in 2010 were:
Rank Country


International tourist arrivals

        

France 2 United States 3 China 4 Spain 5 Italy 6 United Kingdom 7 Turkey 8 Germany 9 Malaysia 10 Mexico

76.80 million 59.75 million 55.67 million 52.68 million 43.63 million 28.13 million 27.00 million 26.88 million 24.58 million 22.40 million

Africa
Out of the total of over 49 million tourists to Africa in 2010, the top ten African destinations were:

Rank 1 Morocco 2 South Africa 3 Tunisia 4 Zimbabwe 5 Mozambique 6 Algeria 7 Botswana 8 Nigeria 9 Kenya 10 Namibia

Country International tourist arrivals 9.29 million 8.07 million 6.90 million 2.24 million 2.22 million 1.91 million (2009) 1.55 million (2009) 1.41 million (2009) 1.39 million (2009) 0.980 million (2009)

Out of the total of over 60 million tourists to the Middle East in 2010, the top ten destinations were:

Middle East

Rank Country International tourist arrivals 14.05 million 1 Egypt 2 Saudi Arabia 10.85 million 3 Syria 8.55 million 4 United Arab Emirates 7.43 million 5 Bahrain 4.94 million (2007) 4.56 million 6 Jordan 7 Israel 3.45 million 8 Lebanon 2.17 million 9 Qatar 1.66 million (2009) 10 Oman 1.52 million

The Americas
Out of the total of almost 150 million tourists to the Americas in 2010, the top ten destinations were:

          

Rank Country International tourist arrivals 59.75 million 1 United States 2 Mexico 22.40 million 3 Canada 16.10 million 4 Argentina 5.29 million 5 Brazi l5.16 million 4.13 million 6 Dominican Republic 7 Puerto Rico 3.68 million 8 Chile 2.77 million 9 Cuba 2.51 million 10 Colombia 2.39 million

Asia and the Pacific

Out of the total of almost 204 million tourists to Asia and the Pacific in 2010, the top ten destinations were:

          

Rank Country International tourist arrivals 1 China 55.67 million 2 Malaysia 24.58 million 3 Hong Kong 20.09 million 4 Thailand 15.84 million 5 Macau 11.93 million 6 Singapore 9.16 million 7 South Korea 8.80 million 8 Japan 8.61 million 9 Indonesia 5.91 million 5.89 million 10 Australia

Europe
Out of the total of almost 477 million tourists to Europe in 2010, the top ten destinations were:

          

Rank CountryInternational tourist arrivals 1 France 76.80 million 2 Spain 52.68 million 3 Italy 43.63 million 4 United Kingdom 28.13 million 5 Turkey 27.00 million 6 Germany 26.88 million 7 Austria 22.00 million 8 Ukraine 21.20 million 9 Russia 20.27 million 15.01 million 10 Greece

Africa
Out of the total of almost 46 million tourists to Africa in 2009, the top ten African destinations were:

Rank Country International tourist arrivals 1 Morocco 8.34 million 2 South Africa 7.01 million 3 Tunisia 6.90 million 4 Mozambique 2.39 million 5 Zimbabwe 2.01 million 6 Algeria 1.91 million 7 Botswana 1.55 million 8 Kenya 1.14 million (2008) 9 Swaziland 0.909 million 0.871 million 10 Mauritius

Out of the total of over 53 million tourists to the Middle East in 2009, the top ten destinations were:

Middle East

Rank Country International tourist arrivals 11.91 million 1 Egypt 2 Saudi Arabia 10.90 million 3 United Arab Emirates 7.13 million (2005) 4 Syria 6.09 million 5 Bahrain 4.94 million (2007) 3.79 million 6 Jordan 7 Israel 2.32 million 8 Lebanon 1.85 million 9 Qatar 1.66 million 10 Yemen 0.434 million

The Americas
Out of the total of over 165 million tourists to the Americas in 2009, the top ten destinations were:

Rank Country International tourist arrivals 1 United States 54.88 million 2 Mexico 21.45 million 3 Canada 15.74 million 4 Brazil 4.80 million 5 Argentina 4.31 million 6 Dominican Republic 3.99 million 7 Puerto Rico 3.55 million 8 Chile 2.75 million 9 Cuba 2.41 million 2.15 million 10 Colombia


Asia and the Pacific

Out of the total of over 181 million tourists to Asia and the Pacific in 2009, the top ten destinations were:

Rank Country International tourist arrivals 1 China 50.88 million 2 Malaysia 23.65 million 3 Hong Kong 16.93 million 4 Thailand 14.15 million 5 Macau 10.40 million 6 South Korea 7.82 million 7 Singapore 7.49 million 8 Japan 6.79 million 9 Indonesia 6.32 million 5.58 million 10 Australia

Europe
Out of the total of over 459 million tourists to Europe in 2009, the top ten destinations were:

Rank Country International tourist arrivals 74.20 million 1 France 2 Spain 52.23 million 3 Italy 43.24 million 4 United Kingdom 28.20 million 5 Turkey 25.51 million 24.22 million 6 Germany 7 Austria 21.36 million 8 Ukraine 20.74 million 9 Russia 19.42 million 10 Greece 14.92 million


International tourist arrivals by country of destination 2008

The top ten international destinations in 2008 were:

 

Rank Country International tourist arrivals 1 France 79.22 million 57.94 million 2 United States 57.19 million 3 Spain 4 China 53.05 million 5 Italy 42.73 million 6 United Kingdom 30.14 million 25.39 million 7 Ukraine 8 Turkey 24.99 million 9 Germany 24.89 million 10 Mexico 22.64 million

DESTINATION COMPETITVENESS Research framework of tourism competitive information gives a better understanding of destination (tourism) competitiveness

REFERENCES
Jafari, J. (2000) The Encyclopedia of Tourism. Routledge. Mill, R. C. and Morrison, A. (1985) The Tourism System. Prentice Hall. Boniface G. and Cooper C., (2005 ) Worldwide Destinations: The geography of travel and tourism 4th edition Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann Horner S. and Swarbrooke J., (2004) International Cases in Tourism Management Elsevier ButterworthHeinemann