Chapter - 14

Financial and Operating Leverage

Chapter Objectives
 Explain the concept of financial leverage.  Discuss the alternative measures of financial

leverage.  Understand the risk and return implications of financial leverage.  Analyse the combined effect of financial and operating leverage.  Highlight the difference between operating risk and financial risk.

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Capital Structure Defined

 The term capital structure is used to represent

the proportionate relationship between debt and equity.  The various means of financing represent the financial structure of an enterprise. The lefthand side of the balance sheet (liabilities plus equity) represents the financial structure of a company. Traditionally, short-term borrowings are excluded from the list of methods of financing the firms capital expenditure.

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Questions while Making the Financing Decision

 How should the investment project be financed?  Does the way in which the investment projects are    

financed matter? How does financing affect the shareholders risk, return and value? Does there exist an optimum financing mix in terms of the maximum value to the firms shareholders? Can the optimum financing mix be determined in practice for a company? What factors in practice should a company consider in designing its financing policy?

Financial Management, Ninth Edition I M Pandey Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

Meaning of Financial Leverage

 The use of the fixed-charges sources of funds, such

as debt and preference capital along with the owners equity in the capital structure, is described as financial leverage or gearing or trading on equity.  The financial leverage employed by a company is intended to earn more return on the fixed-charge funds than their costs. The surplus (or deficit) will increase (or decrease) the return on the owners equity. The rate of return on the owners equity is levered above or below the rate of return on total assets.

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Measures of Financial Leverage

Debt ratio Debtequity ratio Interest coverage The first two measures of financial leverage can be expressed either in terms of book values or market values. These two measures are also known as measures of capital gearing.  The third measure of financial leverage, commonly known as coverage ratio. The reciprocal of interest coverage is a measure of the firms income gearing.
   

Financial Management, Ninth Edition I M Pandey Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

Financial Leverage of Ten Largest Indian Companies, 2002

Company Capital Gearing Income Gearing Debt ratio Debtequity ratio Interest coverage Interest to EBIT ratio 1. Indian Oil 0.556 1.25:1 4.00 0.250 2. HPCL 0.350 0.54:1 5.15 0.194 3. BPCL 0.490 0.96:1 5.38 0.186 4. SAIL 0.858 6.00:1 - ve - ve 5. ONGC 0.106 0.12:1 53.49 0.019 6. TELCO 0.484 0.94:1 0.99 1.007 7. TISCO 0.577 1.37:1 1.62 0.616 8. BHEL 0.132 0.15:1 8.36 0.120 9. Reliance 0.430 0.75:1 3.46 0.289 10. L&T 0.522 1.09:1 2.31 0.433 11. HLL 0.027 0.03:1 264.92 0.004 12. Infosys 0.000 0.00:1 NA* NA* 13. Voltas 0.430 0.72:1 2.64 0.378

Financial Management, Ninth Edition I M Pandey Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

Financial Leverage and the Shareholders Return

 The primary motive of a company in using financial

leverage is to magnify the shareholders return under favourable economic conditions. The role of financial leverage in magnifying the return of the shareholders is based on the assumptions that the fixed-charges funds (such as the loan from financial institutions and banks or debentures) can be obtained at a cost lower than the firms rate of return on net assets (RONA or ROI).  EPS, ROE and ROI are the important figures for analysing the impact of financial leverage.

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EPS and ROE Calculations

Earnings per share = Profit after tax Number of shares ( EBIT  INT)(  T ) 1 PAT EPS = ! N N

Return on equity =

Profit after tax Value of equity (EBIT  INT)(1  T ) ROE = S

 For calculating ROE either the book value or

the market value equity may be used.

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Effect of Financial Plan on EPS and ROE: Constant EBIT

 The firm is considering
Financial Plan

two alternative financial plans:



Debt-equity (Rs) 1. Earnings before interest and taxes, EBIT 2. Less: interest, INT 3. Profit before taxes, PBT = EBIT INT 4. Less: Taxes, T (EBIT INT) 5. Profit after taxes, PAT = (EBIT INT) (1 T) 6. Total earnings of investors, PAT + INT 7. Number of ordinary shares, N 8. EPS = (EBIT INT) (1 T)/N 9. ROE = (EBIT INT) (1 T)/S 120,000 0 120,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 50,000 1.20 12.0%

All-equity (Rs) 120,000 37,500 82,500 41,250 41,250 78,750 25,000 1.65 16.5%
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(i) either to raise the entire funds by issuing 50,000 ordinary shares at Rs 10 per share, or (ii) to raise Rs 250,000 by issuing 25,000 ordinary shares at Rs 10 per share and borrow Rs 250,000 at 15 per cent rate of interest.

 The tax rate is 50 per

cent.

Financial Management, Ninth Edition I M Pandey Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

Effect of Leverage on ROE and EPS

Favourable Unfavourable Neutral ROI > i ROI < i ROI = i

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Effect of Financial Plan on EPS and ROE: Varing EBIT

Plan I: No debt EBIT Less: Interest PBT Less: tax, 50% PAT No. of shares (000) EPS (Rs) ROE (%) 25.00 0.00 25.00 12.50* 12.50 50.00 0.25 2.50 25.00 18.75 43.75 21.88* 21.87 37.50 0.58 5.80 25.00 37.50 62.50 31.25* 31.25 25.00 1.25 12.50 50.00 0.00 50.00 25.00 25.00 50.00 0.50 5.00 50.00 18.75 31.25 15.63 15.62 37.50 0.42 4.20 50.00 37.50 12.50 6.25 6.25 25.00 0.25 2.50 75.00 0.00 75.00 37.50 37.50 50.00 0.75 7.50 75.00 18.75 56.25 28.13 28.12 37.50 0.75 7.50 75.00 37.50 37.50 18.75 18.75 25.00 0.75 7.50 120.00 0.00 120.00 60.00 60.00 50.00 1.20 12.00 120.00 18.75 101.25 50.63 50.62 37.50 1.35 13.50 120.00 37.50 82.50 41.25 41.25 25.00 1.65 16.50 160.00 0.00 160.00 80.00 80.00 50.00 1.60 16.00 160.00 18.75 141.25 70.63 70.62 37.50 1.88 18.80 160.00 37.50 122.50 61.25 61.25 25.00 2.45 24.50 300.00 0.00 300.00 150.00 150.00 50.00 3.00 30.00 300.00 18.75 281.25 140.63 140.62 37.50 3.75 37.50 300.00 37.50 262.50 131.25 131.25 25.00 5.25 52.50

Probability Sales (Rs) Costs: Variable (Rs) Fixed (Rs) Total Costs (Rs) EBIT (Rs) ROI (r)

Very poor 0.05 510 255 280 535 25 5% 0.10 660 330 280 610 50 10%

Poor

Economic Conditions Normal 0.15 710 355 280 635 75 15% 0.35 800 400 280 680 120 24% 0.30 880 440 280 720 160 32%

Good 0.05 1,160 580 280 860 300 60%

Plan II: 25% debt EBIT Less: Interest PBT Less: tax, 50% PAT No. of share (000) EPS (Rs) ROE (%) Plan III: 50% debt EBIT Less: Interest PBT Less: tax, 50% PAT No. of shares (000) EPS (Rs) ROE (%)

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Operating Leverage
 Operating leverage

affects a firms operating profit (EBIT).  The degree of operating leverage (DOL) is defined as the percentage change in the earnings before interest and taxes relative to a given percentage change in sales.

% Change in EBIT DOL ! % Change in Sales ( EBIT/EBIT DOL ! ( Sales/Sales

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Combining Financial and Operating Leverages

 Operating leverage affects a firms operating

profit (EBIT), while financial leverage affects profit after tax or the earnings per share.  The degrees of operating and financial leverages is combined to see the effect of total leverage on EPS associated with a given change in sales.

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Combining Financial and Operating Leverages

 The degree of combined leverage (DCL) is

given by the following equation:

% Change in EBIT % Change in EPS % Change in EPS ! v ! % Change in Sales % Change in EBIT % Change in Sales

 another way of expressing the degree of

combined leverage is as follows:

DCL ! Q( s  v) Q( s  v)  F Q( s  v) v ! Q ( s  v )  F Q ( s  v )  F  INT Q ( s  v )  F  INT

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Financial Leverage and the Shareholders Risk

 The variability of EBIT and EPS distinguish between

two types of riskoperating risk and financial risk.  Operating risk can be defined as the variability of EBIT (or return on total assets). The environment internal and externalin which a firm operates determines the variability of EBIT
  

The variability of EBIT has two components: variability of sales variability of expenses

 The variability of EPS caused by the use of financial

leverage is called financial risk.

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Measuring Operating and Financial Risk

 We can use two measures of risk:



Standard deviation and Coefficient of variation.

n

W 2 (EPS) ! [EPS1  E (EPS)] 2 P  [EPS2  E (EPS)] 2 P2    [EPS j  E (EPS)] 2 Pj 1 ! [EPS j  E (EPS)] 2 Pj

j !1 n

E (EPS) ! EPS1 v P1  EPS 2 v P2    EPS j Pj !

EPS P
j j !1

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