CprE 543x ns-2 Tutorial

Zak Abichar, abicharz@iastate.edu Dept of Electrical and Computer Engineering Iowa State University Ames, IA 50011
Based on a presentation by Polly Huang (2nd European ns-2 Workshop, April 2001)

Tutorial Goals
overview/intro/essentials/getting started tcl/otcl/ns-2 fundamentals designing a simulation examples

Outline
Introduction
The project, the software, the philosophy Software architecture Installation and getting started About extending ns-2

tcl/otcl/ns-2 fundamentals
Programming tcl/otcl

Running a ns-2 simulation

Simulation design Example scripts
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The VINT Project

Virtual InterNet Testbed
a common platform for network research focus on multi-protocol interactions and scale http://netweb.usc.edu/vint

Follow-up projects
SAMAN: scenario and performance CONSER: educational use
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Multi-state collaboration
AT&T Research Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory UC Berkeley USC/ISI Xerox PARC ETH TIK (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology)
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Project Goal
To support collaborative simulation effort
promote sharing
incorporate recent simulation models

increase confidence in results

establish regression test suite

establish common reference

current and periodic availability of source code

Base software is ns-2

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ns-2
Discrete event simulator Packet level Link layer and up Wired and wireless

Development Status
Columbia NEST UCB REAL ns-1 ns-2
100K lines of C++ code 70K lines of otcl support code 30K lines of test suites 20K lines of documentation
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Usage and Releases

Users from approximately
600 institutes 50 countries

Releases
periodic official releases nightly snapshots (probably compiles and works, but buyers beware) available from USC/ISI or UK mirror
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Platforms
Most UNIX and UNIX-like systems
FreeBSD or *BSD Linux Sun Solaris # HP, SGI

Window 95/98/NT... Emulation only for FreeBSD for now

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Words of Caution
While we have considerable confidence in ns, ns is not a polished and finished product, but the result of an ongoing effort of research and development. In particular, bugs in the software are still being discovered and corrected. Users of ns are responsible for verifying for themselves that their simulations are not invalidated by bugs.
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Preliminary for NS-2

Ability to write correct programs Familiarity with object-oriented programming Patience to debug NS source code when needed Simple usage will not need NS source code debugging More complex simulations may need modification to NS source code Debugging skills NS uses C++ and Otcl User scripts are in Otcl
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What you can do using NS-2

Simulate different scenarios with existing protocols (TCP/UDP) Wired Routing protocols - Distance Vector and Link State (with the link state patch) Ad-Hoc Routing protocols - DSR, AODV, TORA MAC protocols - 802.3, 802.11 (Wireless MAC) Scheduling disciplines - DropTail, RED, WFQ, DRR, LQD etc. Different traffic characterizations - Poisson, Exponential, Pareto etc.
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What you can do using NS-2

Modify NS-2 to implement your own versions of the above protocols or even code totally new protocols Measurement of Statistics:
Throughput, Delay, Jitter etc. Queue Monitoring, Drops at Queues. Literally all that you will need to know with your simulations.

Graphic visualization - using nam (Network Animator)

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The downside
Cannot capture all the nuances of the real world networks. Very large scale simulations take a lot of time they may not be feasible Still in the research phase, and there may be many more bugs lurking out there Documentation not adequate No fancy user interface often perceived as unfriendly (at least by people who are new to ns-2)
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Outline
Introduction
The project, the software, the philosophy Software architecture Installation and getting started About extending ns-2

tcl/otcl/ns-2 fundamentals
Programming tcl/otcl

Running a ns-2 simulation

Simulation design Example scripts
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Object-Oriented
+ Reusability + Maintainability Careful planning ahead Performance

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C++ and otcl Separation

C++ for data
per packet action

otcl for control

periodic or triggered action

+ Compromize between composibility and speed Learning & debugging

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otcl and C++: The Duality

C++

otcl

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tcl Interpreter With Extents

Event Scheduler tclcl otcl tcl8.0 ns-2 Network Component

otcl: Object-oriented support tclcl: C++ and otcl linkage Discrete event scheduler Data network components

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Installation
Getting the code:
http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/

Installing ns-2
http://csl.ee.iastate.edu/~cpre543/ns2_howToInstall.htm

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About extending ns-2

Implement new functionalities not covered in ns-2
Essential for researchers Implementing and evaluating new protocols and schemes

Requires the understanding of the internal architecture

Not that hard

Need more information?

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Outline
Introduction
The project, the software, the philosophy Software architecture Installation and getting started About extending ns-2

tcl/otcl/ns-2 fundamentals
Programming tcl/otcl

Running a ns-2 simulation

Simulation design Example scripts
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Hello World
simple.tcl
set ns [new Simulator] $ns at 1 puts \Hello World!\ $ns at 1.5 exit $ns run

% ns simple.tcl Hello World! %

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Fundamentals
tcl otcl
ftp://ftp.tns.lcs.mit.edu/pub/otcl/doc/tutorial.html

ns-2
http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ns_doc.ps.gz http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ns_doc.pdf http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/doc/index.html

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proc test {} { set a 43 set b 27 set c [expr $a + $b] set d [expr [expr $a - $b] * $c] for {set k 0} {$k < 10} {incr k} { if {$k < 5} { puts k < 5, pow= [expr pow($d, $k)] } else { puts k >= 5, mod= [expr $d % $k] } } } test

Basic tcl

k < 5, pow = 1.0 k < 5, pow = 1120.0 k < 5, pow = 1254400.0 k < 5, pow = 1404928000.0 k < 5, pow = 1573519360000.0 k > 5, mod = 0 k > 5, mod = 4 k > 5, mod = 0 k > 5, mod = 0 k > 5, mod = 4

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Basic otcl
Class mom mom instproc init {age} { $self instvar age_ set age_ $age } mom instproc greet {} { $self instvar age_ puts $age_ years old mom: How are you doing? }
34 years old mom: How are you doing? 6 years old kid: What's up?

Class kid -superclass mom kid instproc greet {} { $self instvar age_ puts $age_ years old kid: Whats up, dude? } set a [new mom 34] set b [new kid 6] $a greet $b greet
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Outline
Introduction
The project, the software, the philosophy Software architecture Installation and getting started About extending ns-2

tcl/otcl/ns-2 fundamentals
Programming tcl/otcl

Running a ns-2 simulation

Simulation design Example scripts
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NS input & output

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Running a Simulation
Design your simulation Build NS-2 scripts Run simulation program Analyze trace files Visualize your simulation (Animation)

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Design your simulation

Goal and expected results Network topology
Node Link

Specify Agents
Protocol

Traffic Simulation Scenario

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A simulation example

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A TCL script example

n0
Network Topology set ns [new Simulator] set n0 [$ns node] set n1 [$ns node] $ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 1.5Mb 10ms DropTail Transport Protocol set tcp [$ns create-connection TCP $n0 TCPSink $n1 0]

n1
Traffic Generation set ftp [new Application/FTP] $ftp attach-agent $tcp $ns at 0.2 "$ftp start" $ns at 1.2 exit" $ns run

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Run simulation program

Usage: ns file.tcl If the C++ source codes are modified, re-compilation is required What ns-2 does:
Read the tcl file Run the simulation program Create trace files NAM (network animator) input files Statistics (you may need to write post processing scripts)

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Analyze trace file

Use some scripts like awk or Perl, to filter the trace file Use Excel, xplot or xgraph to plot the results

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Raw trace file

+ 0.001 2 0 tcp 1000 ------- 0 2.0 1.0 0 0 - 0.001 2 0 tcp 1000 ------- 0 2.0 1.0 0 0 r 0.0028 2 0 tcp 1000 ------- 0 2.0 1.0 0 0 + 0.0028 0 1 tcp 1000 ------- 0 2.0 1.0 0 0 - 0.0028 0 1 tcp 1000 ------- 0 2.0 1.0 0 0 r 0.009884 0 1 tcp 1000 ------- 0 2.0 1.0 0 0 + 0.009884 1 0 ack 40 ------- 0 1.0 2.0 0 1 - 0.009884 1 2 ack 40 ------- 0 1.0 2.0 0 1 r 0.013128 1 0 ack 40 ------- 0 1.0 2.0 0 1 + 0.013128 0 2 ack 40 ------- 0 1.0 2.0 0 1 - 0.013128 0 2 ack 40 ------- 0 1.0 2.0 0 1 r 0.01416 0 2 ack 40 ------- 0 1.0 2.0 0 1 + 0.01416 2 0 tcp 1000 ------- 0 2.0 1.0 1 2 - 0.01416 2 0 tcp 1000 ------- 0 2.0 1.0 1 2
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Open trace.out in Excel

type + r + r + r + r + time src node next dest protocol 0.001 2 0 tcp 0.001 2 0 tcp 0.0028 2 0 tcp 0.0028 0 1 tcp 0.0028 0 1 tcp 0.009884 0 1 tcp 0.009884 1 0 ack 0.009884 1 2 ack 0.013128 1 0 ack 0.013128 0 2 ack 0.013128 0 2 ack 0.01416 0 2 ack 0.01416 2 0 tcp 0.01416 2 0 tcp size flags 1000 ------1000 ------1000 ------1000 ------1000 ------1000 ------40 ------40 ------40 ------40 ------40 ------40 ------1000 ------1000 ------flowid src addr dest addr seq # 0 2.0 1.0 0 2.0 1.0 0 2.0 1.0 0 2.0 1.0 0 2.0 1.0 0 2.0 1.0 0 1.0 2.0 0 1.0 2.0 0 1.0 2.0 0 1.0 2.0 0 1.0 2.0 0 1.0 2.0 0 2.0 1.0 0 2.0 1.0 ns seq # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2

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Plot results in Excel

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Outline
Introduction
The project, the software, the philosophy Software architecture Installation and getting started About extending ns-2

tcl/otcl/ns-2 fundamentals
Programming tcl/otcl

Running a ns-2 simulation

Simulation design Example scripts
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A Simulation Example

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TCL Script Step 1

#Create a simulator object set ns [new Simulator] #Open the NAM trace file set nf [open out.nam w] $ns namtrace-all $nf #Open the general trace file Set f [open out.tr w] $ns trace-all $f
# has denotes a one line comment ns holds the name of the new simulation

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TCL Script Step 2

#Create four nodes set n0 [$ns node] set n1 [$ns node] set n2 [$ns node] set n3 [$ns node] #Create links between the nodes $ns duplex-link $n0 $n2 2Mb 10ms DropTail $ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 2Mb 10ms DropTail $ns duplex-link $n2 $n3 1.7Mb 20ms DropTail

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TCL Script Step 3

#Set Queue Size of link (n2-n3) to 10
$ns queue-limit $n2 $n3 10

#Setup a TCP connection set tcp [new Agent/TCP] $ns attach-agent $n0 $tcp set sink [new Agent/TCPSink] $ns attach-agent $n3 $sink $ns connect $tcp $sink #Setup a FTP over TCP connection set ftp [new Application/FTP] $ftp attach-agent $tcp

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TCL Script Step 4

#Setup a UDP connection set udp [new Agent/UDP] $ns attach-agent $n1 $udp set null [new Agent/Null] $ns attach-agent $n3 $null $ns connect $udp $null

#Setup a CBR over UDP connection set cbr [new Application/Traffic/CBR] $cbr attach-agent $udp $cbr set packet_size_ 1000 $cbr set rate_ 1mb

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TCL Script Step 5

#Schedule events for the CBR and FTP agents $ns at 0.1 "$cbr start" $ns at 1.0 "$ftp start" $ns at 4.0 "$ftp stop" $ns at 4.5 "$cbr stop" #Call the finish procedure after 5 seconds of simulation time $ns at 5.0 "finish"
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TCL Script Step 6

#Define a 'finish' procedure proc finish {} { global ns nf $ns flush-trace #Close the NAM trace file close $nf #Execute NAM on the trace file exec nam out.nam & exit 0 } #Run the simulation $ns run

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