11 Currenttransformer

Protection Application Handbook
Current Transformers
ABB Group - 1 Jan 5, 2012
Introduction Main tasks of current transformer are
I1
Measurement of Current Measurement of Power Isolation between High voltage and Low Voltage Inputs to Relays & Protection Systems
I2
I1 I2
N1 N2
I1 = N2 I2 = N1
IEC 44-1 and IEC 44-6 covers instrument transformers
CTs and VTs
Current transformer
I1/I2 = N2/N1 Magnetizing current is negligible
Voltage transformer
E1/E2 = N1/N2 Voltage drop by magnetizing current is negligible

Nitrogen Gas Oil Level Ind. Conn. Head Pri. Conductor Terminal Box Bottom Tank Sec. Cores
P1 Expan. Tank Pri. Terminal Pri. Insulation Insulator P2
CT Construction
Vector diagram of current transformer
Measuring errors
Measuring errors
Ratio 1:1 assumed
Ip P1 Im P2 Rct S2 S1 Is Zb
Is = Ip - Im CT error = Im relative CT error = Im / Is since Is Ip

Factors influencing CT output and magnetising current
Current Transformer output
Metering and instrument High accuracy for 25-100 % of rated burden
Protection and DR Lower accuracy but high capability to transform high fault current. Protection classes 5P and 10P are acc to IEC 44-1 and cores for transient behavior are acc to IEC 44-6
Types of current transformers
Metering
Metering Core

VA Burden, Accuracy, ISF e.g. 15 VA, 0.5 Cl., ISF < 10

Protection
Protection Core VA Burden, Accuracy, ALF e.g. 15 VA, 5P20 PS Core Vk, Io, Rct e.g. Vk > 400 V, Io < 50 mA at Vk/2, Rct < 5 Ohms
B H Characteristics E/B
2 Tesla Saturated CRGO
Eknee 1.5
E = 4.44BmAfN2 Volts Working Flux Density Metering Core: Bs CRGO 0.4 to 0.8 T 0.8 Tesla Saturated Mumetal metal 0.3 to 0.35 T Protection Core: x Bn CRGO 1.5 to 1.6 T I0 /H
Bnx
Metering cores
Metering cores must saturate before 10-40 times rated current depending on burden. This is defined by Fs instrument security factor. At lower burdens the saturation value can be given by
Metering cores : ratio and angle errors for different classes acc to IEC 44-1
Current error (%) + 1.5 1.0 0.75 0.5 + 0.2 - 0.2 0.5 0.75 1.0 - 1.5
Class 0.5
Accuracy Curves
Phase displacement (min) 90
Class 0.2 25% of rated burden
60
Class 0.5 Class 0.2
30 100% of rated burden 5 20 50 100 120 10 5 20 50 100 120
Rated primary current (%) Example: Plotted curves for class 0.5
Protection cores
Main characteristics

Lower accuracy than measuring core High saturation voltage Little or no turns correction
Protection cores
Examples: 30VA, 5P20 40VA, 10P20 20VA, 10P10 20VA, 5P40
30VA, 5P20
30VA 5 P 20 rated burden at rated secondary current total error in % at accuracy limit and rated burden protection class minimum multiple of rated secondary current at which the accuracy limit is reached with rated burden
Rct is often not noted and has to be measured. For new orders, Rct has to be specified.
CT Effective accuracy limiting factor n'
CT's are normally not fully burdened, the effective accuracy limiting factor n' is therefore higher then the rated n Example: 30VA, 5P20, Rct = 4 n = 20 1000/1A effective burden = 2 n' = 113
Ip P1 Im P2 Rct=4 Ual S2 Rbeffecitive =2 S1 Is Rbn =30
Ual = (Rct + Rbn) Isn n = (Rct + Rbeffective ) Isn n'
Rct + Rbn Pct + Pn n' = n = n Rct + Rbeffective Pct + Pbeffective

Example:
n' = 20
4 + 30 = 113 4 + 2
CT Class X according BS 3938
Class X is widely used Class X (or TPS) is imperative for high impedance circulating current protections and is also suitable for most other protection schemes.
Specify:
Knee point voltage Secondary winding resistance at 75 Magnetising current at voltage specified
most frequently: full or half knee point voltage
Class X implies Low stray reactance

closed core and equally distributed secondary turns, among other parameter
No secondary winding turn correction

# of secondary turns = theoretical #
CT Conversion class X to 5Pn and vice versa
A CT in class 5Pn with Sn [VA] is approximately equal to a CT in class X with identical Rct and Vk BS [V] = ( Sn / Isn + Isn Rct ) n / 1.3 Factor is 1.3 due to different definitions of Ualf (= the knee point voltage) A CT in class X with Vk [V] is approximately equal to a CT in class 5Pn with identical Rct and Sn [VA] = ( 1.3 Vk BS / n - Isn Rct ) Isn Example 1 Cl. 5P20 converted to Cl. X 1000/1 A, 40VA, 5P20, Rct= 6 equals approximately to a CT in class X with Vk = (40VA / 1A + 1A 6 ) 20 / 1.3 = 707V 1000/1 A, Vk=710V, Rct=6 Example 2 Cl. X converted to Cl. 5P20 1000/1 A, class X, Vk= 710 V; Rct= 6 equals approximately to a class 5P20 with Sn = (1.3 700V / 20 - 1A 6 ) 1A = 40 VA 1000/1 A, 40 VA, 5P20, Rct=6
CT Definitions of knee-point voltage
Ual = Accuracy limiting voltage (secondary voltage) Former designation, still very popular: Vk = knee-point voltage Definitions according different standards: BS ANSI
Voltage at which an additional 10% increase in voltage requires an increase of 50% of magnetizing current Voltage at which the slope is 45 for plots on log-log paper Voltage at which the total error = 5% of current applied
IEC 5P
CT Definitions of knee-point voltage
+50%
10000 U [V]
Slope = 45 +10%
1000
ANSI
BS
5 P 20
100 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 Im [A] 10
CT-ratio = 1200/1A
Useful tips in selecting CT cores
Select primary rated current close to object rated current. Gives high resolution of metering CT. For protection core have highest possible CT ratio. Gives least requirement of core. With secondary taps output gets reduced 1 A CT is better. Cable burden reduces. Do not overdimension burden of metering core. Security factor increases.

Select current security factor and ALF depending on type of equipment connected Do not specify higher accuracy requirements than necessary. Cost increases.
Limit Rct specially for 1A CT ratio CTs to get best of CT output .Always have internal resistance much less than rated burden. Have Rct <0.2 0.5 ohms per 100 turns. Bigger value for bigger core and smaller value for smaller cores. Cores are considered big when 1-2 V for 100 turns and medium when 0.5-1V per 100 turns In 1 A core keep core size down to keep secondary resistance low
Short circuit Current
Short circuit current in a typical fault loop
L R
i = 2 Ipsc [ e-t/Tp Cos - Cos ( t + ) ] DC component is zero when = 90 deg DC component is maximum when = 0 deg
Short circuit Current with DC offset
2 1.5 1 current
0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0 10 20 30 40 50 time 60 70 80 90 100
Tp
ms
Equivalent circuit of a CT
i1 i2 U L U
1 2 L
L0 is magnetizing Inductance of CT L2 is inductance of CT secondary R2 is Resistance of CT secondary Ts = (Lo+L2)/R2 is Secondary time constant
CT Saturation due to DC-offset (Transient saturation)
CT primary current current
CT secondary current
time
Total overdimensioning factor
By analyzing the circuit we come to the conclusion that the CT needs to be overdimensioned by a factor Ktot
Ktot the total overdimensioning factor is defined as

Ktot = Kssc .Ktf . Krem .
Symmetrical short circuit current factor Kssc
The symmetrical short circuit current factor Kssc is defined as ratio of rms value of short circuit current (Ipsc ) and rated current ( Ipn )
Kssc = Ipsc / Ipn

Transient dimensioning factor Ktf
The transient dimensioning factor is the ratio of total flux in the CT core to peak value of AC component of flux Ktf = [ Tp Ts . Cos / (Tp Ts) ] . [ e-t/Tp - e-t/Ts ] + Sin .e-t/Ts - Sin ( t + )
Considering Sin ( t + ) = -1. The transient dimensioning factor Ktf can be expressed as Ktf= [ Tp Ts . Cos / (Tp Ts) ] . [ e-t/Tp - e-t/Ts ] + Sin .e-t/Ts +1
Remanance dimensioning factor Krem .
Remanance factor ( Kr ) is ratio of remanant flux to saturation flux
Krem
the remanance dimensioning factor is defined as
Krem = I/(1-Kr)
Influence of Ts on Ktf
Influence of Ts
K
2
t f
T 1 5
s 0 s s s 3 2
= s
Except for CTs with big airgaps Ts is few or several seconds Influence of this on Ktf is relatively small During first 100 ms
n d s
0 1 5 0 . 5 s s
. 2
. 4
. 6 T i m
0 e
. 8 in
1 s e c o
Tp considered
is 60 ms
Influence of Tp on Ktf
K
8
t f
Influence of Tp
0 T p 0 0 = m s
Ktf increases when

Tp increases
1 5 3 0 . 5 1 T im e i n 1 . 5 s e
0 0 0
0 m m
m s s
c o
Ts considered here is 3Secs
Influence of tsat on Ktf
To be able to specify the CT requirements and the required Ktf factor one should know the maximum time to saturation required by the protective relay viz tsat.
tsat > 15ms

K
2 1
t f
tsat < 15ms

ts
7 0
a t
Max DC and reduced DC
Ts=3S,Full DC
K
m s 4
t f
Max DC and reduced DC
Ts=3S
0 6
ts
1 0
5 1 2 4 3 8 2
0 0 0 0
m m m m
s s s s
3 8 2 6 1 m s m s
4 2
m m 0 m s
s s
0 T
2 p i n
0 m
2 s
5 T p
1 0 i n
CT Transient performance classes complementary to class X (low leakage flux) closed core core with anti remanence air gaps core wirh considerable air gaps, linearised core TPS TPX TPY TPZ
Application examples: TPS TPX TPY TPZ high impedance circulating current protection most common line protection with autoreclosing special applications (differential protection of large generators)
TP classes Error limits
At accuracy limit condition Maximum peak instantaneous error in %
a c
At rated primary current Class Ratio error in % TPX TPY TPZ

Phase displacement Minutes Centirad 0.9 1.8 5.3 0.6
0.5 1.0 1.0
30 60 180 18
= 10 = 10 = 10
Remanent flux
for TPS and TPX for TPY for TPZ
no limit specified (approx. 80% max.) < 10% negligible
CT Small air gaps reduce remanence (TPY) Drawing not to scale
flux
closed core, type TPS, TPX
Remanence
typical 80%
Reduced remanence
typical <10%
core with small air gap(s) to reduce remanence type TPY

Typically used for lines with autoreclosing
Im
Recommendations for Remanance
When the CT requirements are specified for dependability

No need to consider remanance. Risk of short delay is often acceptable . When the CT requirements are specified for security (as for example for differential relays)
Consider remanance

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Protection Application Handbook

ABB Group - 1 Jan 5, 2012

IEC 44-1 and IEC 44-6 covers instrument transformers

I1/I2 = N2/N1 Magnetizing current is negligible

E1/E2 = N1/N2 Voltage drop by magnetizing current is negligible

P1 Expan. Tank Pri. Terminal Pri. Insulation Insulator P2

ABB Group - 5 Jan 5, 2012

ABB Group - 6 Jan 5, 2012

Is = Ip - Im CT error = Im relative CT error = Im / Is since Is Ip

ABB Group - 8 Jan 5, 2012

Metering and instrument High accuracy for 25-100 % of rated burden

ABB Group - 9 Jan 5, 2012

VA Burden, Accuracy, ISF e.g. 15 VA, 0.5 Cl., ISF < 10

ABB Group - 12 Jan 5, 2012

ABB Group - 13 Jan 5, 2012

Class 0.2 25% of rated burden

Class 0.5 Class 0.2

30 100% of rated burden 5 20 50 100 120 10 5 20 50 100 120

ABB Group - 15 Jan 5, 2012

ABB Group - 16 Jan 5, 2012

Ual = (Rct + Rbn) Isn n = (Rct + Rbeffective ) Isn n'

Rct + Rbn Pct + Pn n' = n = n Rct + Rbeffective Pct + Pbeffective

ABB Group - 17 Jan 5, 2012

Class X implies Low stray reactance

No secondary winding turn correction

ABB Group - 21 Jan 5, 2012

100 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 Im [A] 10

ABB Group - 22 Jan 5, 2012

ABB Group - 24 Jan 5, 2012

ABB Group - 25 Jan 5, 2012

ABB Group - 26 Jan 5, 2012

0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0 10 20 30 40 50 time 60 70 80 90 100

ABB Group - 29 Jan 5, 2012

Ktot the total overdimensioning factor is defined as

Ktot = Kssc .Ktf . Krem .

Kssc = Ipsc / Ipn

ABB Group - 33 Jan 5, 2012

the remanance dimensioning factor is defined as

ABB Group - 34 Jan 5, 2012

ABB Group - 35 Jan 5, 2012

Ktf increases when

ABB Group - 36 Jan 5, 2012

Ts considered here is 3Secs

tsat > 15ms

tsat < 15ms

Max DC and reduced DC

Max DC and reduced DC

ABB Group - 38 Jan 5, 2012

At rated primary current Class Ratio error in % TPX TPY TPZ

Phase displacement Minutes Centirad 0.9 1.8 5.3 0.6

0.5 1.0 1.0

for TPS and TPX for TPY for TPZ

no limit specified (approx. 80% max.) < 10% negligible

closed core, type TPS, TPX

core with small air gap(s) to reduce remanence type TPY

ABB Group - 40 Jan 5, 2012

ABB Group - 41 Jan 5, 2012

ABB Group - 42 Jan 5, 2012

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