Learning Goals
1. 2. Cost Control Earned Value Management
Attendance
Cost Control
Cost Control
1. 2. 3.
Monitoring cost performance to detect and understand variances from the plan Ensuring that all appropriate changes are recorded accurately in the cost baseline Preventing incorrect, inappropriate or unauthorized changes from being included in the cost baseline Informing appropriate stakeholders of authorized changes Acting to bring expressed cost within acceptable limits
4. 5.
Tools and Techniques Cost change control system Performance measurement analysis Forecasting Project performance reviews Project management software Variance management
Outputs Cost estimates updates Cost baseline update Performance measurement Forecasted completion Requested changes Recommended corrected actions Organizational process assets (updates) Project management plan (updates)
Cost Budgeting Project funding requirements Cost Control Performance reports Work performance information Approved change requests Project management plan
Performance reports may also alert the project team to issues that may cause problems in the future
Work completion
Agenda Cost Management Cost Budgeting Cost Control
In order to have effective project controls, it is imperative that the project team have accurate measurements of the work performed for each scheduled task.
If this information is not available, no one knows if there is over or under spending on the project's budget.
0/100 Rule
Assume that 0 percent of the task is complete until the entire task is finished Using the 0/100 Rule requires a very conservative approach.
20/80 Rule
Once the task is started, the project office assumes that 20 percent of the task is complete When the task is finished, the remaining 80 percent is added to the amount completed This method is very cautious, but is less conservative than the 0/100 Rule
50/50 Rule
Probably the most popular method of showing a task's progress is the 50/50 Rule. This assumes that once the task has begun, 50 percent of the task is completed When the task is completed, the remaining 50 percent is added to the amount completed
Request for changes in the scope of work May occur in many forms:
Oral or written Direct or indirect External or internally initiated Legally mandated or optional
A system that defines procedures by which the cost baseline may be changed Includes:
Paperwork Tracking systems Approval levels needed for authorizing changes
Helps access the magnitude of any variations that do occur An important part of cost control is to
Determine what is causing the variance Decide if the variance needs corrective action
Break
The PMBOK defines earned value as a method of reporting project status in terms of both cost and time.
It is the Budgeted Cost of Work Performed (BCWP) regardless of the actual cost incurred.
According to Dr. David Frame, the earned value approach allows the project to examine cost and schedule variances concurrently, enabling them to take a holistic view of project progress.
PV
Planned Value or
AC
Actual Cost or
EV
Earned Value or
The Planned Value (PV) is the budgeted cost for the work scheduled to be completed on an activity
It is the same as the planned budget or how much was budgeted to perform a certain function
The BCWS may also be referred to as the Cost Performance Measurement Baseline. The BCWS shows budget costs relative to time and quantities for the purpose of comparison, analysis and forecasts of costs The BCWS is typically shown graphically comparing budget costs relative to time
Establishing a variance
With the third element, EV or BCWP, the concept of earned value is introduced.
PV
SV = EV - PV
Cost
AC
CV = EV - AC
EV Duration
Exercise
To calculate the Cost Variance (EVAC) in the example above, suppose that the AC was $6,000. The EV is the value of the work to date, and the AC is the cost to perform the work. Using these figures and applying the above variance formula, there is a positive variance of $2,000.
The positive variance indicates a cost under-run when it is shown by itself. However, variance must take into account the schedule of the completion of the project, which at this point in time is behind schedule.
SV = EV - PV
Therefore in our example:
Interpreting SV
One must compare the work that was planned to what was actually accomplished.
Since the project's PV was $10,000 and its earned value is now $8,000, or a completion of only 80 percent during the planned time frame, the value of the time schedule slippage is $2,000.
This variance is a negative value, therefore it implies that the project is behind schedule.
+ Cost Variance
The project is within budget but behind schedule Either the task has not started or it has started and not enough resources have been applied. The project is within budget and ahead of schedule
Schedule Variance
+
The project is over budget but ahead of schedule Money may have been spent to crash the project.
Schedule Variance
- Cost Variance
The Interpretation
Cost Variance Schedule Variance Interpretation
The project is within budget but behind schedule
Either the task has not started or it has started and not enough resources have been applied.
+ +
The project has overrun its budget and is behind schedule. The project is ahead of schedule but is over budget.
Money was probably spent to crash the schedule
SV EV PV SV %! * 100 ! * 100 PV PV
CV EV AC CV %! * 100 ! *100 AC EV
Another important concept is that of Cost and Schedule Performance Index. These two formulas explain how efficiently the work has been accomplished.
The Cost Performance Index (CPI) is the ratio of Earned Value to Actual Cost (EV/AC).
The cumulative CPI (the sum of all individual EVs divided by the sum of all individual ACs) is widely used to forecast project cost at completion
To predict the magnitude of a possible cost overrun, the following formula is used:
CPI explained
Suppose the value of the work is worth $750 (EV). It cost $800 to perform the work (AC). This means that every dollar spent will provide 93.73 cents worth of work. This ratio can then be applied to project the possible costs overrun. If the original project cost estimate was $10,000, divided by the calculated CPI of .9373 = $10,669, or a possible $669 overrun.
The Schedule Performance Index (SPI) is the ratio of budgeted cost work performed to budgeted cost of work scheduled (BCWP/BCWS)
SPI interpreted
An interpretation of the SPI is that if $500 worth of work (EV) is performed, and the value of work schedule is $400 (PV), each dollar of scheduled work generated $1.25 worth of work, or a ratio of 25.
This ratio tells us that for every day of work scheduled, the project is .25 days ahead of schedule at the point the analysis was completed.
If the CPI is equal to 1.0, there is perfect performance. If CPI > 1.0, means cost under run, there is exceptional performance. If CPI is < 1.0, means cost overrun, the performance is poor. This same generalization is true for the SPI.
Budgeted at Completion (BAC) is the sum of all the budgets (PV) allocated to the project or the project baseline, i.e. this is what the total effort of the project should cost.
The EAC [(AC/EV) X BAC] or [BAC/CPI] is defined as either the hour or dollar amount that provides a realistic appraisal of the work performed. According to Dr. Kerzner, it is the sum of all direct and indirect costs to date plus the estimate of all authorized work remaining. In other words, the EAC is what the total project is expected to cost.
EAC = Actuals to date This approach is most often new estimate for plus a used when current variances all remaining work. are seen as typical of future
variances. This approach is most often EAC = Actuals to date used when past performance plus remaining budget. shows that the original estimating assumptions were This approach is most often fundamentally flawed, or that they are no longer relevant used when current variances are seen as atypical and the due to a change in project management team's conditions. expectation is that similar variances will not occur in the future.
Answer
Planned Value or Budgeted cost of work scheduled Earned Value or Budgeted cost of work performed Actual Cost or Actual cost of work performed Budget at completion
Acronym
PV or BCWS
PV or BCWP
AC or ACWP
BAC
EAC
Class Exercise
The Cumulative Cost Curve or S curve is another effective monitoring tool in controlling the budget This chart provides the cumulative expenditures of the project. The cost curves for the planned and actual results are graphically shown.
BCWS
SV = BCWP BCWS
Cost
ACWP
CV = BCWP ACWP
BCWP
Duration
The End
Thank you