gas Temperature
Black Oil
Volatile Oil
Pressure path in reservoir Critical 1 point
% Liquid
% Liquid
33
Separator
Separator
Temperature, F
Temperature
Pressure
Pressure
Pressure
Wet gas
Dry gas
Critical point 3
% Liquid 2
% Liquid 2
Separator Temperature
Separator Temperature
Separator Temperature
Retrograde Gas
Wet Gas
Dry Gas
To estimate hydrocarbons in place and reserves To understand reservoir processes To predict reservoir behavior To understand well-flow performance To design proper surface facilities Contracting Marketing
Black Oils Volatile Oils Retrograde Gas-Condensates Wet Gases Dry Gases The basic principles of waterflooding apply to both oil types (black & volatile) Modeling volatile oil phase behavior is more complicated than that of black oils
Field Identification
Black Oil <1750 Volatile Oil 1750 to 3200 Retrograde Gas > 3200 Wet Gas > 15,000* Dry Gas 100,000*
Initial Producing Gas/Liquid Ratio, scf/STB Initial StockTank Liquid Gravity, rAPI Color of StockTank Liquid
< 45 Dark
> 40
> 40
Up to 70
No Liquid No Liquid
Colored
Lightly Colored
Water White
gas Temperature
Pressure
liquid
1. Bubble-point line: the point where the first bubble is formed during pressure decrease at constant temperature. 2. Dew-point line: the point where the first liquid drop is formed during pressure increase at constant temperature. Note: Pure-component system can be regarded as a special case of two-component system where two-phase region shrinks to form a line. Critical point: the point where the bubble-point line meets the dew-point line
gas Temperature
Cricondenbar: the pressure above which two phases can no longer exist. Cricondentherm: the temperature above which two phases do not exist. Additional points:
gas
Temperature
Definitions: Retrograde condensation: phenomenon that the dew point line is crossed (i.e., from gas phase to liquid) as pressure decreases rather than increases. Because this is the reverse of normal behaviour, it is called retro.
Pressure
liquid
Retrograde condensation
gas Temperature
Reservoir Classification
Oil reservoir
In general Tres<Tc of reservoir fluid
Gas reservoir
In general, Tres>Tc of reservoir fluid (hydrocarbon systems)
Classification of petroleum fluids/reservoirs gas gas-condensate volatile oil conventional oil heavy oil gas-oil oil-gas gas-condensate-oil WOC water-oil contact GWC GOC Thick gas-condensate-oil reservoirs without GOC
Reservoir Classification
Oil reservoir
In general Tres<Tc of reservoir fluid
Gas reservoir
In general, Tres>Tc of reservoir fluid (hydrocarbon systems)
Oil Reservoir
Note The appropriate quality line gives the ratio of volume of liquid (oil) to volume of gas
Gas Reservoir
Dry gas reservoir
initial reservoir temperature higher than cricondentherm temperature (light components) even at low pressure (separator) and temperature, fluid is 100% gas
Black Oil
Volatile Oil
Pressure path in reservoir Critical 1 point
% Liquid
% Liquid
33
Separator
Separator
Temperature, F
Temperature
Pressure
Pressure
Pressure
Wet gas
Dry gas
Critical point 3
% Liquid 2
% Liquid 2
Separator Temperature
Separator Temperature
Separator Temperature
Retrograde Gas
Wet Gas
Dry Gas
P-T diagram
Phase behavior: description of equilibria between the phases as P, V, and T of the system changes
Critical point Pc Pressure
Tc temperature
Single-component system
Two-component system
Two-component system
Multi-component system
Dry-gas reservoir
Wet-gas reservoir
Volatile-oil reservoir
Black-oil reservoir
Summary
As the reservoir pressure increases: Bo increases to a maximum value at the bubble point (Pb). this is due to increasing gas volumes being condensed in the liquid
Once the bubble point is reached, the liquid volume decreases with increasing pressure single phase compressible liquid
The solution gas oil ratio (Rs) represents the solubility of gas in oil. Rs = (solution gas volume)/(stock tank volume of oil)
As the reservoir pressure increases: Rs increases to a maximum value at the bubble point (Pb). increasing gas volumes are condensed in the liquid
Once the bubble point is reached, the value of Rs remains constant with increasing pressure.
The gas formation volume factor (Bg) is defined as the volume of gas in the reservoir divided by the volume of solution gas at standard conditions. Bg = (reservoir gas volume)/(standard conditions gas volume). SI units are usually m3/ m3, while oilfield units are reservoir barrels/thousand standard ft3.
Bt is the total volume that would be occupied if all of the liberated solution gas remained in the reservoir: Bt = Bo + Bg(Rsi Rs) Rsi is the initial solution gas-oil ratio Above the bubble point (Pb) the solution gas-oil ratios are the same (Rsi = Rs); Bt = Bo Below the bubble point, the gas-oil ratio (Rs) is less than its initial value (Rsi)
Bo
FT (v dv !Q !Q X! (h A dh ?Q A ! ?
?Q A ! ?
Textbooks: viscosity of gas, oil, water, gas-condensate, volatile oil, heavy oil Relations between cp and Pa*s
Changes in oil viscosity can have a significant effect upon waterflood performance. Given decreasing pressure, oil viscosity decreases slightly (to the bubble point), then increases significantly as the lighter components of the gas are removed from the oil. The gas & water viscosities seldom vary enough to impact waterflood behavior.
Oil Viscosity
Compressibility
C! 1 xV * V xp
If compressibility is roughly constant, volume at any pressure can be obtained in terms of original pressure and temperature
(V V ! Vi * (p (p 1 (V ! Vi 1 * * (p V (p i ! Vi c(p
1 where (p ! p - pi
Formation/Rock Compressibility
Reservoir engineers are most concerned with pore volume compressibility
c f ! crock ! c phi ! 1 x PV
* PV xp
Oil Compressibility
above the bubble point: below the bubble point:
co ! 1 Bo xB * o xp T
Coa represents the apparent oil compressibility Below the bubble point the oil compressibility actually has two terms, the compressibility of the oil itself (without any changes in solution gas content) and the swelling effect introduced by condensing additional light ends into the liquid phase with increasing pressure.
cwa
1 xBw Bg xRSW ! * * Bw xp Bw xp
Total Compressibility
Total compressibility in a multi-phase system involves these apparent compressibilities:
Ct ! Ctotal ! C f Coa v S o C wa v S w C g v S g where : C f is the rock compressibility C g is the gas compressibility So , Sg , S w are the oil, gas, and water saturations
Compressibility
Compressibility controls the behavior of a reservoir in the depletion phase. If a waterflood is maintained at a constant pressure, compressibility is of minimal importance; however . . . With gradually decreasing pressure, compressibility effects may occur due to development of gas caps compaction drive