Monitoring Flood Disaster

Case Study : Jakarta, Indonesia

Tarina Amanawari Budiyanto

What is flood?
Flood is the state of water level when it exceeds the uppermost level of receiving capacity of the water runway in the land surface aerial flow or drainage system (Ongkosongo, 2005) Flood (Inundation) is an overflowing of water on an area normally dry
(Webster s New World Dictionary 1991)

Flood is a great flow of water; A body of water rising and overflowing the land (The New Grolier Webster International Dictionary, 1974) Floods are associated with extremes in rainfall (from tropical storms, thunderstorms, rainfall, widespread extratropical cyclones, etc.)
(Trenberth, 2005)

Flood is a overflow or inundation that comes from a river or other body of water and causes or threatens damage (U.S Geolocial Survey, 2011)

What is flood?

Flood is inundation terrain that caused by the increasing of water volume, due to high rainfall, drainage overflow, overload dam, etc .

What is flood?
Four kinds of Urban Flooding (Elisabeth, 2010)
Pluvial flooding Occur as results of rainfall-generated over land flow ponding on the Urban surface because it overwhelms urban underground drainage systems and surface watercourses by its high intensity Coastal flooding caused by high sea water levels and waves overtopping protection structure Fluvial flooding A result of overflowing of river banks Combination Caused by the combination of three kinds of flooding

Jakarta

Traffic jam

Flood

Slum area

Waste

Java Sea

Jakarta
Jakarta is divided into 5 regions: North Jakarta, South Jakarta, East Jakarta, West Jakarta, and Central Jakarta 40 % (24.000 Ha) has lower land elevation than the ocean tide Passed 13 river streams with Java sea as the estuary City with the highest population in Indonesia 90,33 % of DKI Jakarta is built area

Green space Low elevation Water stream Main road

Water Flow Jakarta and Its Vicinity

Upstream area condition (Puncak, Bogor County)

1992 Land use changes in Puncak

2001

Watershed area condition (Cisadane, Banten County)

Reservoir area condition (Pluit, Jakarta)

River condition (Ciliwung, Jakarta)

History of Flood In Jakarta

Dutch Colonization

The first time of big flooding

West Flood Canal was built by Dutch Colony

History of Flood In Jakarta

These four decade

61 flood locations

90 flood locations

159 flood locations

78 flood locations

68 flood locations

In the beginning of year 2012 Jakarta will get a big flood disaster
(Purwo, 2010 [in Why Does Jakarta Often Flood?])

In 2050, about 25 % of DKI Jakarta with the width 160 km2 will disappear
(Soesilo, 2008 [in West Flood Canal])

The condition of seawater surface (above land level) Year 1925 51,19 cm Increase 14,37 cm Year 1950 65,56 cm Increase 14,38 cm Year 1975 79,94 cm

In 2050 is predicted to be 1,23 m

Research Question
How is the pattern of flood disaster in 1979, 1992, 1999, 2002, and 2007? What are the main factors that causes flood disaster in Jakarta?

Literature Review
The points that related to flood in Jakarta:

The percentage of built area

Size of the urban places, physical characteristics of the flood plains, stream, and drainage area, and the types of urban land use occupying the flood plain
(White, Gilbert F. , 1961)

Decreasing land surface

One of the cause of flood in Jakarta is the decreasing of land surface that caused by human exploitation in groundwater (Kompas, 2011) Decreasing size of land surface in Jakarta is 1-16 cm / year, that is the bad news for the future of Jakarta (Habidin, 2011[in Kompas])

Population Density
Significant flood situations are more prevalent in the larger urban places, and that short of the largest population class the proportion varies with a population size (White, Gilbert F. , 1961) Accelerated urbanisation has given rise to increased building in unsuitable areas and expansion of impervious areas, both adding to the inflow into existing urban drainage systems and thus to the probability of flooding
(Elisabeth, 2010)

Climate Change and Drainage System

Hidrology disaster in Jakarta (Kompas, 2011) 1. Damage on watershed 2. Land surface degradation that caused by exploitation of ground water by human 3. The increasing of surface seawater due to climate change Climate change predictions increase concern over urban flood risk in cities around the world (Wilby, 2007) Urban flooding can be rapid-onset, often coming from flash floods in urban rivers or from saturation or blockage of urban drainage systems
(McCluskey, 2001)

The variable that will be used

Hypothesis

Land use changes and puddle from the ocean tide are the main causes of floods in Jakarta

Tree of Ideas

References

Thank You