HVAC, REFRIGERATION SYSTEM & FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

GUIDED BY:Prof. Pranjali Dongre

PRESENTED BY:NEHA KUREKAR (10) RUPALI MENDHE(14) SHRIYA PANDE(15) SAURABH KHANDELWAL(75)

HVAC Systems

HVAC System
y Air conditioning and refrigeration consume

significant amount of energy in buildings and in process industries.

Purpose
y The purpose of performance assessment is to verify

the performance of a refrigeration system by using field measurements.

y The objective of the test is to estimate the energy

consumption at actual load vis--vis design conditions.

Performance Terms and Definitions

y y y

Tons of refrigeration (TR): One ton of refrigeration is the amount of cooling obtained by one ton of ice melting in one day: 3024 kCal/h, 12,000 Btu/h or 3.516 thermal kW. Net Refrigerating Capacity. A quantity defined as the mass flow rate of the evaporator water multiplied by the difference in enthalpy of water entering and leaving the cooler, expressed in kCal/h, tons of Refrigeration. kW/ton rating: Commonly referred to as efficiency, but actually power input to compressor motor divided by tons of cooling produced, or kilowatts per ton (kW/ton). Lower kW/ton indicates higher efficiency.

y y

y y y y y y

Coefficient of Performance (COP): Chiller efficiency measured in Btu output (cooling) divided by Btu input (electric power). Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER): Performance of smaller chillers and rooftop units is frequently measured in EER rather than kW/ton. EER is calculated by dividing a chiller's cooling capacity (in Btu/h) by its power input (in watts) at full-load conditions. The higher the EER, the more efficient the unit.

Refrigeration System

What is Refrigeration?
Refrigeration deals with the transfer of heat from a low temperature level at the heat source to a high temperature level at the heat sink by using a low boiling refrigerant.

High Temperature Reservoir

Heat Rejected R Work Input

Heat Absorbed Low Temperature Reservoir

Types of Heat Transfer Loop

y Indoor air loop- In the leftmost loop, indoor air is driven by the

supply air fan through a cooling coil, where it transfers its heat to chilled water. The cool air then cools the building space. Chilled water loop- Driven by the chilled water pump, water returns from the cooling coil to the chillers evaporator to be recooled. Refrigerant loop- Using a phase-change refrigerant, the chillers compressor pumps heat from the chilled water to the condenser water. Condenser water loop- Water absorbs heat from the chillers condenser, and the condenser water pump sends it to the cooling tower. Cooling tower loop- The cooling towers fan drives air across an open flow of the hot condenser water, transferring the heat to the outdoors.

How does it work?

Thermal energy moves from left to right through five loops of heat transfer:

1) Indoor air loop

2) Chilled water loop

3) Refrigerant loop

4) Condenser water loop

5) Cooling water loop

Refrigeration systems for industrial processes

Small capacity modular units of direct expansion type (50 Tons of Refrigeration) Centralized chilled water plants with chilled water as a secondary coolant (50 250 TR) Brine plants with brines as lower temperature, secondary coolant (>250 TR)

Refrigeration at large companies

Bank of units off-site with common

Chilled water pumps Condenser water pumps Cooling towers

More levels of refrigeration/AC, e.g.

Comfort air conditioning (20-25 oC) Chilled water system (8 10 oC) Brine system (< 0 oC)

Types Of Refrigeration Systems

Vapour Compression Refrigeration (VCR):

uses mechanical energy

Vapour Absorption Refrigeration (VAR): uses

thermal energy

Vapour Compression Refrigeration

Highly compressed fluids tend to get colder

when allowed to expand

If pressure high enough

Compressed air hotter than source of cooling Expanded gas cooler than desired cold temperature

Schematic Diagram of Vapour Compression Refrigeration System

Advantages of Vapour Compression Refrigeration

Two advantages Lot of heat can be removed (lot of thermal energy to change liquid to vapour) Heat transfer rate remains high (temperature of working fluid much lower than what is being cooled)

Refrigeration cycle
3 High Pressure Side Expansion Device Compressor

Condenser 4

1 Evaporator

Low Pressure Side

Refrigeration cycle
Low pressure liquid refrigerant in evaporator absorbs heat and changes to a gas
Condenser 4 Expansion Device 3 High Pressure Side Compressor

1 Evaporator

Low Pressure Side

Refrigeration cycle
The superheated vapour enters the compressor where its pressure is raised
Condenser 4 Expansion Device 3 High Pressure Side Compressor

1 Evaporator

Low Pressure Side

The high pressure superheated gas is cooled in several stages in the condenser

Refrigeration cycle

Condenser 4 Expansion Device

3 High Pressure Side

Compressor

1 Evaporator

Low Pressure Side

Refrigeration cycle
Liquid passes through expansion device, which reduces its pressure and controls the flow into the evaporator
Condenser 4 Expansion Device 3 High Pressure Side Compressor

1 Evaporator

Low Pressure Side

Types of Refrigerants Used

Type of refrigerant

Refrigerant determined by the required cooling temperature Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) or freons: R11, R-12, R-21, R-22 and R-502

Vapour Compression Refrigeration

Choice of compressor, design of condenser, evaporator determined by

Refrigerant Required cooling Load Ease of maintenance Physical space requirements Availability of utilities (water, power)

Vapour Absorption Refrigeration

Refrigeration Cycle

Condenser

Generator

Hot Side

Evaporator

Cold Side

Absorber

Evaporator

Absorber

High pressure generator

Condenser

Evaporative Cooling
Air in contact with water to cool it close to wet bulb temperature Advantage: efficient cooling at low cost Disadvantage: air is rich in moisture
Sprinkling Water

Hot Air

Cold Air

Financial analysis

y Financial analysis refers to an assessment of the

viability, stability and profitability of a business, subbusiness or project. y It is performed by professionals who prepare reports using ratios that make use of information taken from financial statements and other reports. These reports are usually presented to top management as one of their bases in making business decisions.

PERFORMING FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

y When planning an energy efficiency or energy

management project, the costs involved should always be considered. investment, energy management proposals should show the likely return on any capital that is invested.

y Therefore, as with any other type of

y Consider the case of an energy auditor who

advises the senior management of an organization that capital should be invested in new boiler plant. Inevitably, the management of the organization would ask

y How much will the proposal cost? y How much money will be saved by the proposal?

y The capital value of plant or equipment usually y y y

decreases with time and it often requires more maintenance as it gets older. If money is borrowed from a bank to finance a project, then interest will have to be paid on the loan. Inflation too will influence the value of any future energy savings that might be achieved. It is therefore important that the cost appraisal process allows for all these factors, with the aim of determining which investments should be undertaken, and of optimizing the benefits achieved. To this end a number of accounting and financial appraisal techniques have been developed which help energy managers and auditors make correct and objective decisions.

Fixed and Variable Costs Fixed and Variable Costs

y Fixed cost

Fixed costs are those costs, which are not dependent on plant or process output, such as site-rent and insurance. y Variable cost Variable costs are those which vary directly with the output of a particular plant or production process, such as fuel costs y Total cost = fixed cost + variable cost

EXAMPLE
y The capital cost of the DG set is Rs.9,00,000, the

annual output is 219 MWh, and the maintenance cost is Rs.30,000 per annum. The cost of producing each unit of electricity is 3.50 Rs./kWh. Find out total cost of a diesel generator operating over a 5-year period, taking into consideration both fixed and variable cost .

Solution
Item Capital cost of generator Annual maintenance Fuel cost Type of cost Fixed Calculation Cost 9,00,000

Fixed

30,000 x 5 (years) 1,50,000

Fixed

219,000 x 3.50 x 5 38,32,500

Total cost

Rs.48,82,500