Limit for Sewage Treatment Plants (> 10,000 pe) in the EU Countries Effluent concentration Total nitrogen Total phosphorus 15 mg/l for plants < 100,000 pe 10 mg/l for plants >100,000 pe 2 mg/l for plants < 100,000 pe 1 mg/l for plants >100,000 pe Minimum elimination rate 70 80%
80%
Nitrogen level in treated effluent in EU Countries Total N German - Ruhr new old Italy Denmark Netherland
note: * inorganic N
Source
Bode and Klopp (2001) Carucci et al (1999) Rindel (2002) Van der Graaf (2001)
8.9* 14 2** 8 9
** as NH4+
Common Processes
Biological nutrient removal Chemical coagulation and precipitation of phosphorus Ammonia stripping Breakpoint chlorination Filtration Carbon adsorption Ion exchange Membrane separation Ozonation
Bacteria
Nitrosomonas (the rate limiting bacteria) converts ammonia to nitrite and Nitrobacter converts nitrite to nitrate
+ NH4
+ 2O2
NO3
+ 2H + H2O
Alkalinity
Nitrification consumes alkalinity NH3 + 2O2 + NO3 + H + H2O + Microorganisms Need buffering capacity; maintain pH at 6.5 8.0 Abrupt drop in rate of nitrification beyond pH 6.5
Denitrification
Anaerobic & Anoxic condition required 3 4 g methanol per gram of nitrate to be removed Denitrifiers are sensitive to temperature variation pH 6-8 2 3 h retention time Minimum 1 2.5 d sludge age to produce flocculating sludge
How much methanol is consumed by oxidation of 30 mg/l NO3 ? Methanol demand for oxidation of nitrate = Half reaction for methanol + - [ 1/6 CO2 + H + e = 1/6CH3OH + 1/6H2O ] Half reaction for nitrate + [ 1/5 NO3 + 6/5 H + e = 1/10 N2 (g) + 3/5 H2O]
1/6CH3OH + 1/5 NO3 + 1/5 H Molecular Wt NO3 = 48 Molecular Wt CH3OH = 32 Amount of methanol consumed, M = 5.33/9.6 x 30 mg/l = 16.7 mg/l
+
Biodenipho process
Process works using Anoxic-oxic cycle
Denitrification
(Nitrate decrease)
Nitrification
(Nitrate increase)
Lynetten STP is Biodenipho (Nitrification-denitrification) that produce Total Nitrogen in effluent below 8 mg/l
Capacity
Flowrate max Dry weather Flowrate storm Waste Characteristic
750,000 PE
23,000 7,083 41,500 Raw effluent treated 15 75 8 (TN) 1.5
BOD (all in mg/l) COD TSS NH4-N TP Retention time (hr) Primary settling tanks BioP tanks Aeration tanks Final settling tanks Thickeners Digesters Biogas production Sludge incineration 2.7 3.4 20.8 8.3 1.4 22 days based on SRT 12,863 m3/d
in cubic metres:
Case study:
BNR at Princeton, Indiana USA http://www.princetonindiana.com/wastewater/index.html
Phosphorus Removal
Biological uptake by sludge Chemical precipitation = lime and iron & aluminium salts Luxury uptake = Sludge being treated anaerobically before returning the phosphorus deficient sludge to the reaction tank. The sludge would then assimilate greater quantity of phosphate than usual.
Layout
Nitrified recycle
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Anoxic
Aerobic
Nitrified recycle Anaerobic > Anoxic > Aerobic system ensures denitrification & P removal
Membrane Separation
What is a membrane What drives the separation Pore sizes, RO, UF, MF
MEMBRANE
MEMBRANE Water
Selected Macromolecules
REVERSE OSMOSIS
MEMBRANE
MICROFILTRATION
0.01
10
100
1000
Ultrafiltration
Complete blocking
Intermediate blocking
Cake filtration
Standard blocking
Ideal Membrane
High flux rate Tolerant to chlorine Resistant to biological attack Resistant to fouling Mechanically strong Inexpensive Chemically stable Excellent filtrate quality
Ozonation
Ozone is the triatomic form of oxygen (composed of three oxygen atoms), O3. Under normal conditions ozone is unstable and quickly decomposed to the more stable gaseous oxygen, O2. Because ozone is unstable and cannot be stored successfully, it must be generated at the point of application.
Ozonation
Ozone can be generated by passing oxygen, or air containing oxygen, through an area having an electrical discharge or spark. (A clean smell in the air after a thunder and lightning storm was most likely caused by ozone formed by lightning bolts passing through the atmosphere).
Ozonation
Typical ozonators have two large area metal electrodes separated by a dielectric and an air gap. An alternating electric current is applied to the electrodes creating an electrical discharge. At the same time air or oxygen is passed through the air gap. As the air or oxygen flows through the air gap, and the electrical discharge, a portion of the oxygen is converted to ozone. The dielectric is necessary to spread the electric discharge over the entire electrode area and avoid producing an intensive single arc.
Ozonation
The concentration of the ozone leaving the ozonator is approximately 1 to 2% by weight As with chlorination, the effectiveness of disinfection using ozone is depended on the concentration of the disinfectant, thorough mixing and contact time. To satisfy the mixing and contact time requirements, three general types of contactors are usually used: (1) packed bed, (2) sparged column, and (3) sparged column with mixing.
Advantages of Ozonation
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. eliminates odours reduces oxygen demanding matter, turbidity and surfactants removes most colours, phenolics and cyanides increases dissolved oxygen production of no significant toxic side products increases suspended solids reduction
Disadvantages of Ozonation
1. high capital cost 2. high electric consumption 3. highly corrosive, especially with steel or iron and even oxidizes Neoprene
Safety of Ozone
The Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAC) of ozone in air, as established by the American Council of Governmental Industrial Hygienists is 0.1 ppm by volume for continuous human exposure. The threshold odor of ozone is 0.01 ppm. This means a person working near an ozone-handling area should be able to detect the presence of ozone at levels far below the MAC.