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CLASS SCHEDULE
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TEACHING METHODS
Units Hours 3 3 hours X 14 weeks 42 0 0 hour X 14 weeks 0 0 0 hours X 14 weeks 0 Total Hours 42
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COURSE SYNOPSIS
This course introduces the need and concept of Renewable Resources such as Solar Energy, Geothermal Energy, Wind Energy, Bio Energy, Ocean, Wave and Tidal Energies and other forms.
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COURSE OUTCOMES
By the end of semester, students should be able to:
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Explain the current and contemporary issues of renewable energy resources Analyzing Solar and Geothermal Energy thermal energy conversion systems for different understandings Evaluate the energy potential in the wind and understand the parameters involved Analyzing Biomass conversion techniques into liquid and gaseous forms for various Understandings and design/estimate a biogas digester volume for specific understandings Analyzing Ocean, Wave and Tidal Energy conversion devices for electricity generation and also evaluate other energy resources
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ASSESSMENT METHODS
Assessments Test 1 Test 2 Quizzes Assignments Final Exam Total CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5 Distribution 20% 20% 10% 10% 40% 100 %
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REFERENCES
1. Renewable Energy Resources John Twidell and Tony Weir E & F.N.Spon Solar Energy Principles of Thermal Collection and storage S.P.Sukhatme, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1996. Renewable Energy Resources - Basic Principles and Understandings G.N.Tiwari and M.K.Ghosal Narosa Renewable Energy Sources and Conversion Technology N.K.Bansal et al Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., 1990.
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LECTURE SCHEDULE
WEEK TOPIC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Introduction to Energy Resources 1 Solar Energy 1.2 Types of Solar Collectors 1.3 Thermal analysis of Solar FPC 2.1 Geothermal Energy (GE) 2.2 Thermal Energy Conversion 3.1 Wind Energy WEEK TOPIC 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 3.2 Energy availability in Wind 4. 1 Biomass 4.2 Biofuel and applications 5.1 Ocean, Wave and Tidal Energy 5.1 Ocean, Wave and Tidal Energy 6. Other Energy Resources Revision
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Topic 1
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Topic 1 - INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCES 1. 1 Terminology Energy The word energy is derived from the Greek en (in) and ergon (work). Forms of energy Heat Work Chemical Energy (In Fuels Or Batteries), Kinetic Energy (In Moving Substances), Electrical Energy, Gravitational Potential Energy (by virtue of its elevation)
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Topic 1 - INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCES 1. 1 Terminology ..cont d Power is the rate at which energy is converted from one form to another, or transferred from one place to another. watt (W) is defined as one joule per second. kilowatt is 1000 watts, i.e. 1000 joules per second, and there are 3600 seconds in an hour, so 1 kWh = 3600 x 1000 = 3.6 x 106 Joules (i.e. 3.6 MJ). kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a measure energy of power used for a given time period. If the power of an electric heater is 1 kW, and it runs for an hour, we say that it has consumed one kilowatthour (kWh) of energy. 1 Mtoe = 41.9 PJ is a measure of energy often simply expressed in unit 'million tonnes of oil equivalent .
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Alternative energy refers to any source of usable energy intended to replace fuel sources without the undesired consequences of the replaced fuels. Renewable energy refers to energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which is naturally replenished.
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Topic 1 - INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCES 1. 2 World Energy Scenario . World Oil & Gas Production
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Topic 1 - INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCES 1.4 Environmental Impact and Climate Change
Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide 1854-2000. Carbon dioxide Week 1 measured at Mauna Loa, Hawaii; pre-1958 data(CO ),estimated from ice cores data from 1958 were Slide 18 are
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Topic 1 - INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCES 1.4 Environmental Impact and Climate Change
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Topic 1 - INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCES 1.4 Environmental Impact and Climate Change .cont d
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atmospheric concentrations of CO2 have varied between about 200 and 300 parts per million by volume (ppmv). But during the twentieth century they rose beyond this range, increasing to 370 ppm by 2001. Projections by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) suggest they could rise to around 700 ppmv by the end of the twenty-first century if no action is taken to limit emissions.
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Topic 1 - INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCES 1.4 Environmental Impact and Climate Change .highlights
Air pollution, acid rain, The depletion of natural resources The dangers of nuclear radiation Global climate change caused by emissions of greenhouse gases from fossil fuel combustion. Greenhouse gases, principally water vapour, carbon dioxide and methane. Allowing solar radiation to enter but inhibiting the outflow of infrared radiation. The natural 'greenhouse effect is essential in maintaining the earth's surface temperature at a level suitable for life, around 15 C.
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Topic 1 - INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCES 1.4 Environmental Impact and Climate Change .highlights
The principal contributor to these increased emissions is carbon dioxide from the combustion of fossil fuels if not curbed, the surface temperature is predicted to rise by 1.4 to 5.8 C. Such rises will probably cause an increased frequency of climatic extremes, such as floods or droughts, and serious disruption to agriculture and natural ecosystems. Mean sea levels are likely to rise by around 0.5 m by the end of the century, which could inundate some low-lying areas. Beyond 2100, sea level rises could occur if major Antarctic ice sheets melt. The threat of global climate change caused by carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion is one of the main reasons why there is a growing consensus on the need to reduce such emissions. Reductions in the range 60-80% may be needed by the end of the twenty-first century and, ultimately, a switch to low- or zero-carbon energy sources such as renewables.
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Topic 1 - INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCES 1.5 Need For Utilization Of Renewable Resources
There is a depletion of reserves with associated hazards of pollution. pollution. Global heat balance The dependence for oil/natural gas on other countries may destabilize the Energy Security Building stockpiles Diversification of energy supply sources Energy efficiency Sustainable development Development of renewable energy sources Energy conservation Week 1 Slide 23
Topic 1 - INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCES 1.5 Need For Utilization Of Renewable Resources .highlights
Energy efficiency is said to be achieved when energy intensity in a specific product, process or area of production or consumption is reduced without affecting output, consumption or comfort levels. Reduction in energy consumption leads to sustainable development
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Topic 1 - INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCES 1.5 Need For Utilization Of Renewable Resources .highlights
Sustainable development Defined as development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Future energy requirements will not be met by any single energy resource or technology. Renewable energy technologies may play a "complementary" role rather than an "alternative" role.
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Topic 1 - INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCES 1.5 Need For Utilization Of Renewable Resources .highlights Renewable Energy In Developing Countries Renewable energy can be particularly suitable for developing countries. In rural and remote areas, transmission and distribution of energy generated from fossil fuels can be difficult and expensive. Producing renewable energy locally can offer a viable alternative. Renewable energy projects in many developing countries have demonstrated that renewable energy can directly contribute to poverty alleviation by providing the energy needed for creating businesses and employment. Renewable energy technologies can also make indirect contributions to alleviating poverty by providing energy for cooking, space heating, and lighting. Renewable energy can also contribute to education, by providing electricity to schools.
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Topic 1 - INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCES 1.5 Need For Utilization Of Renewable Resources .highlights Renewable Energy In Developing Countries Kenya is the world leader in the number of solar power systems installed per capita (but not the number of watts added). More than 30,000 very small solar panels, each producing 12 to 30 watts, are sold in Kenya annually. For an investment of as little as $100 for the panel and wiring, the PV system can be used to charge a car battery, which can then provide power to run a fluorescent lamp or a small television for a few hours a day. In India, a solar loan program sponsored by UNEP has helped 100,000 people finance solar power systems in India. Similar solar projects in other parts of developing world like Tunisia, Morocco, Indonesia and Mexico
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Topic 1 - INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCES 1. 6 Classification of Renewable Resources .highlights Main forms of renewable energy 1. Wind power 2. Hydropower 3. Solar energy 4. Biomass 5. Ocean 6. Geothermal Energy Renewable energy is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth. Included in the definition is electricity and heat generated from solar, wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewable resources. Each of these sources has unique characteristics which influence how and where they are used.
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Increasing
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Increasing
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Increasing
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Topic 1 - INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCES 1.7 Resources in Malaysia .highlights Oil In the early eighties, oil-fired generation contributes to a substantial proportion of TNB's output and operating costs were significantly affected by excursions in oil prices since late 1973. Despite current low prices of fuel oil, oil-fired generating plants are not considered to be strongly competitive options for long term planning purposes, in view of the uncertainties of future prices, and other available alternatives. In TNB, oil requirement has reduced over the years.
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Topic 1 - INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCES 1.7 Resources in Malaysia .highlights Natural Gas Natural gas has become an important fuel for gas turbines and combined-cycle plant developments, both for TNB and IPPs. The Phase II of the Peninsular Gas Utilisation Pipeline Project has made available natural gas to the West Coast and South of Peninsular Malaysia in the late 1991. With the completion of the gas pipeline project and the advent of Independent Power Producers (IPP) in 1994, gas utilisation in power generation has increased tremendously. Todate, gas contributed to about 76% of the total generation capacity mix.
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Topic 1 - INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCES 1.7 Resources in Malaysia .highlights Hydroelectricity It is estimated that the indicative hydro potential in Peninsular Malaysia totals some 16 TWh/year. Nine major hydro stations with a capacity of 1,874 MW are currently in service. This total capacity includes the recently commissioned Pergau Hydroelectric Station (in 1997) which contributes a total peaking capacity of 600MW. Three other hydroelectric projects have been identified and under planning stage namely, Ulu Terengganu (300MW), upgrading of Kenyir Hydro station (300MW) and Ulu Jelai's mixed pumped storage (1,000MW1,200MW) with 300MW conventional hydro scheme.
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Topic 1 - INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCES 1.7 Resources in Malaysia .highlights Renewable Energy Renewable energy (RE) has been identified and finalised by the Government as the fifth fuel under the New Five-Fuel Diversification Strategy. The RE focus would be on biomass, especially from palm oil and wood wastes. The target of contribution towards the total electricity generation mix from RE is 5% by 2005 and 10% by 2010, after which this ratio could be maintained thereafter.
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Topic 1 - INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCES 1.7 Resources in Malaysia .Bernama April 27, 2010
1. Malaysia will become a net energy importer before 2020 and is therefore committed to find alternative means of energy that are sustainable. 2. Country's energy requirement was estimated to rise by 6.3 percent annually and by 2030, the level would have reached 28 percent. 3. Malaysia in the midst of implementing a number of initiatives with regard to policy review, research and development (R&D) and applications and had given emphasis to the R&D of renewable energy since the 7th Malaysia Plan. 4. In total, 185 projects related to the development of technologies focusing on harnessing energy from resources such as biomass, solar, hydro, wind and tidal waves costing RM158 million have been carried out. 5. Biomass would be a feature in the source of renewable energy mix for the country in the near future since Malaysia has an abundance of the resources. 6. Steps to develop a renewable energy technology roadmap in five focus areas comprising biomass, solar, wind, micro-hydro and tidal power. 7. The use of renewable energy plays an ever increasing role in meeting the requirements of our energy security and the effects of climate change due to the greenhouse gases emission
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Energy Mix For The Future A judicious mix of fossil, nuclear and renewable sources with appropriate technologies backed by a scientific analysis for efficiency, emissions, economics, and reliability, as applicable to different power capacity slots, must be developed to facilitate the optimum use of the available energy resources and meet the energy requirements of the country.
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