CHILD DEVELOPMENT

Factors Influencing Child Development

NATURE
 An individuals innate qualities.  Refers to biological and hereditary. Information that affects child development and learning.  Biological dispotions that were born with (genes). The human genome contain 30,000 genes.    Examples : Brain development Genetic predispositions Individual characteristics , e.g. temperament Appearance , e.g. gender , height ,eye color , hair , etc.

EXTERNAL INFLUENCES THAT MIGHT LEAD T O A B N O R M A L I N FA N T

 Wide range of different chemicals and environmental factors are suspected or are known to be teratogenicity in humans:  Ionizing radiation: atomic weapons, radio iodine , radiation therapy  Metabolic imbalance : alcoholism, endemic cretinism, diabetes, folic acid deficiency, iodine deficiency , too much iodine, hyperthermia , phenylketonuria , rheumatic disease and congenital heart block , virilizing tumors.  Drugs and environmental chemicals : 13 cis-retinoic acid, isotretinoin (Accutane), temazepam (Restoril; Normisson), nitrazepam (Mogadon), nimetazepam (Ermin), aminopterin, androgenic hormones.

NURTURE
 Nurture refers to the environmental influences on development. Our surroundings, upbringing, social and cultural influences.  Examples: Family, friends, schools, workplace, home, values, etc.  Experiment: Rats in a deprived environment had less brain development.

E N V I RO N M E N T A L I N F L U E N C E S

 The studies of twins and adoptees also support the importance of environmental influences.  Genetic differences typically account for less than 50 percent of the variation in personality.  Environmental factors account for the rest of the variation.  Non shared environments play a vital role in a persons development and may be equally, or more significant compared to shared environments.

I N D I V I D UA L D I F F E R E N C E S

WHAT IS CHILD DEVELOPMENT?

 Child development is a process every child goes through. This process involves learning and mastering skills like sitting, walking, talking, skipping, and tying shoes.

5 MAIN AREAS OF DEVELOPMENT

 Physical growth  Speech and Language Development  Cognitive and Intellectual Development  Social and Emotional Development  Motor skill Development

PHY SICAL GROWTH

 Individual differences in height and weight during childhood are considerable.  Some of these differences are due to family genetic factors, others to environmental factors.  Some stages in development they may be strongly influenced by individual differences in reproductive maturation.

SPEECH AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

 The production of words and understanding others speech varies in every individual.  A delay in the use of words coupled with normal understanding, is characteristic of a small proportion of children who later display normal language use.

C O G N I T I V E A N D I N T E L L E C T UA L DEVELOPMENT
 The ability to learn, remember, perform cognitive tasks such as recognizing small numbers of objects and to solve problems.  There are normal individual differences in the ages at which specific cognitive abilities are achieved.  Children in cultures that demand advanced cognitive skills for work and for independent living developed these faster.

SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

 Individual differences in the sequence of social-emotional development are unusual.  The expressiveness of emotions can vary greatly from one normal child to another.  These are influences by individual tendencies to various types of reactivity but its effect is temporary.

MOTOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT

 Normal individual in motor ability are common and depend in part on the child's weight and build.  Normal individual differences are strongly affected by opportunities to practice, observe, and be instructed on specific movements.

CONCLUSION
 Child development is not a matter of a single topic, but progresses somewhat differently for different aspects of the individual.  Some individual might experiences some delay in their development and might be temporary delay or symptoms of some illness but all this related to individual differences in development.

PREPARED BY
 Abdul Razzaaq  Azwan Farid  Muhd Shafiq  Nasharizal