FIBER OPTIC CABLE Duct Cable Installation

CONTENTS
1. General Instruction and Precautions 1.1 Handling of optical fiber cable drums 1.2 Allowable tension and cable laying speed 1.3 Permissible cable bending radius 1.4 Excess length of cable end Cable Laying Into Duct 2.1 The procedure of duct cable laying 2.2 Preliminary survey of manholes and duct route 2.3 Setting up the scaffold in manhole 2.4 Rodding 2.5 Duct cleaning 2.6 Mandrill passing test 2.7 Dummy cable passing test 2.8 Manpower allocation in each manhole 2.9 Pulling cable into duct Cable Fixing and Protection in Manhole 3.1 Preparation 3.2 Fixing of the cable laid through 3.3 Fixing of the cable with joint closure

2.

3.

DUCT CABLE INSTALLATION

INSTRUCTION MANUAL FOR INSTALLATION OF OPTICAL FIBER CABLE (DUCT CABLE) 1. General Instruction And Precautions: 1.1 Handling of optical fiber cable drums. 1.1.1 At the time of loading or unloading, cable drum shall not be given any severe shocks or damages. 1.1.2 Drums shall not be rolled for the long distant transportation or the transportation on a down slope, excepting for the short movements at the site. 1.1.3 Drums shall always be rolled to the direction indicated by the arrow mark on the flanges or battens of the drum. 1.1.4 The battens of the drum shall be remained until the time of cable laying. 1.2 Allowable tension and cable laying speed. 1.2.1 At the time of cable installation, cables shall be pulled with the uniform tension specified without shocks or sudden pulling or stopping. 1.2.2 Allowable tension:Allowable tension of optical fiber cable shall be 170 kg. 1.2.3 It is preferable to add the pulling force by manpower. Pulling tension for cable laying into duct shall be adjusted as follows:(a) Head pulling force Cable pulling by manpower: 170 kg (b) Intermediate pulling force The pulling force which is applied by the workers at the intermediate manhole shall be synchronized with the head pulling force. 1.2.4 Laying speed It is preferable to pull cables into duct with the speed of less than 15m/min. 1.3 Permissible cable bending radius. (a) Optical fiber cable shall be handled carefully with keeping enough curvature. (b) Permissible cable bending radius is as follows:condition: more than 150 mm time of installation: more than 300 mm

- Fixed - At the

1.4 Excess length of cable end. The adequate excess length at the end of each cable shall be reserved for jointing operation as shown in Figure 1.

5.2 m (Overlap length) 2.7 m (Pulling end)

2.5 m (Tail end)

Center of cable joint

Figure. 1 Overlapping of cable ends

2.

Cable Laying Into Duct: 2.1 The procedure of duct cable laying The procedure of laying of optical fiber cable into duct is as follows:

Preliminary survey of the manholes and duct route

Setting up the scaffold in manhole (if necessary)

Rodding

Cleaning of the duct (if necessary)

Mandrill passing test (if necessary)

Cable-pulling rope into duct

Pulling cable into duct

Protection of cable in manhole

Clear away

2.2 Preliminary survey of manholes and duct route The following items shall be checked before cable laying works: (a) The position and the number of manholes and handholes with each span length. (b) The position of available ducts in which cables to be installed. 2.3 Setting up the scaffold in manhole A scaffold for installation work shall be set up in a large manhole if required. 2.4 Rodding After selection of the duct allocated for cable to be laid, a small PE pipe with smalldiameter shall be passed through the duct. If the rod cannot be passed though, the reason of it may be due to breakage or slip off of ducts, or blockade of duct by soil or sand. In this case, rodding work shall be stopped and appropriate measures such as replacement, repair or alteration of the duct shall be taken. 2.5 Duct cleaning (if necessary) The cleaning devices such as brush or rag are fixed on a rope or a steel wire. The inner duct shall be clean with this wire or rope pushing forward and pulling back. This rope or wire shall be remained in the duct for cable pulling operation.

Brush

Pulling direction

Wire 4.0 mm steel wire or the like

Rag

Wire for pulling back 4.0 mm steel wire or the like

Figure. 2 Cleaning the duct 2.6 Mandrill passing test (if necessary) If necessary, this test is conducted at the time of the duct cleaning with a mandrill on the wire or rope besides the cleaning devices. The size of mandrill shall be applied as follows:

Application Duct section which is less than 150 m Duct section which is more than 150 m

Type No.3 No.4

D (mm) 73 73

L (mm) 300 600

Table 1. The size of mandrill

D I

(Material: Hard Wood) Before laying cables, this mandrill passing test shall be conducted, if necessary. If mandrill is hardly passed through the duct, it must be failure. In this case, the following test shall be conducted. 2.7 Dummy cable passing test (if necessary) This test shall be conducted for concrete ducts, asbestos cement ducts, and other ducts through which mandrill is difficult to pass. For this test, a dummy cable with the length of 10 m and with the same or larger diameter of the optical fiber cable to be laid shall be used. The dummy cable shall be painted with black paint for detection flaws and cable grips and twist free devices shall be provided at the both end of it. After the test, the flaws on the surface of this dummy cable shall be examined and recorded for the judgement of duct failure. In the case of the passing test for matallic large size cable, dummy with the length of 2 m shall be used. 2.8 Manpower allocation in each manhole. In the case of pulling optical fiber cable by manpower, example of allocation of workers is shown in Figure 3.

G. L

Cable feeding end Man hole

Figure. 3

D uc t

Optical fiber cable

Cable pulling end

2 or 3 persons

Interm Interm ediate ediate manho manho Arrangement of manpower in each manhole le le

Pulling end Jointing point manhole. of optical fiber cable and pulling wire.

2.9 Pulling cable into duct 2.9.1 Setting up The workers for pulling operation shall be positioned at the last manhole as :

follows

Pullin g force 2 or 3 persons

Pulling end manhole

Du ct Pullin Figure. 4g wire up cable pulling force Setting

2.9.2 Cable-pulling rope into duct When the work force for cable pulling is positioned and stand by cable-pulling rope or steel wire rope shall be jointed with the end of the lead rope which was laid in duct at rodding.

Pulling Force Less than 200 kg More than 200 kg

Type of CablePulling Rope Optical fiber cable pulling-nylon rope Steel wire rope

Jointing methods of cable-pulling rope with lead rope are shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6.

1.6 mm galvanized steel wire ( 5 (400) ) Wound by vinyl adhesive tape Figure. 5 Jointing method of rope

Kn ot

1.6 mm galvanized steel wire ( 5 ) Wound by vinyl adhesive tape

FIBER OPTIC CABLE Aerial Cable Installation

Contents 1. 2. Introduction General Comments 2.1 Different Installation Methods 2.1.1 Pulling with tension 2.1.2 Pulling without tension 2.1.3 Pulling out on the ground 2.2 Type of Installation Points Planning 3.1 General 3.2 Route 3.3 Planning basis 3.4 Survey 3.5 Other Cable Accessories 5.1 Tension points 5.2 Suspension points 5.3 Joint points 5.4 Dampers Installation 6.1 Limitations 6.2 Pulling Method 6.2.1 Placement of the drum and the pulling equipment 6.2.2 Placement of running-out blocks 6.2.3 Pulling out a pulling wire 6.2.4 Fastening the pulling wire to the cable 6.2.5 Pulling out the cable 6.2.6 Tensioning the cable 6.2.7 Tension point 6.2.8 Suspension point Joint Points Measurements and Documentation

3.

4. 5.

6.

7. 8.

INSTALLATION METHODS OF AERIAL CABLE 1. Introduction Aerial cables are more and more used. It is a relative cheap installation method on existing poles or towers. Sometimes aerial installation is the only solution because of the shape of the ground. This document gives a brief outline of methods and accessories for aerial cable installations. General Comments 2.1 Different Installation Methods 2.1.1 Pulling with tension The cable is pulled out through running-out blocks placed in towers, with a (motor) winch at one end, and tensioned with braking equipment at the other. The cable will never touch the ground.

2.

2.1.2 Pulling without tension The cable is pulled at one end without tension at the outer end. The cable is allowed to fall to the ground during pulling out. Later the cable is tensioned hoisted up to correct position.

and

Figure 1.

Pulling with tension

2.1.3 Pulling out on the ground The cable is pulled out on the ground beside the tower line. Then it is hoisted up to correct position, and tensioned.

2.2 Type of Installation Points There are two kinds of installation points, tension points and suspension points. Figure 2. Pulling without tension have different characteristics, and different equipment is used.

They

Figure 3.

Pulling out on the ground

2.2 Type of Installation Points There are two kinds of installation points, tension points and suspension points. They have different characteristics, and different equipment is used. Tension Point A tension point (dead end) is an installation point where the cable is tensioned to the pole. The cable is tensioned on one side of the installation point, and relaxed on the other. This means that there are longitudinal net forces in a tension point. There are several possible reasons for choosing to make a tension point at a certain pole. For instance: - If it is an end-point pole. - If the pole is a joint point. - If there is a significant difference in altitude between the poles. - If there ia a sharp angle of the line at the pole (> 15), figure 4.

- Even if longer cable lengths are used the cable should be fixed in a tension every kilometer along the line route. Suspension Point >15

point

A suspension point is an installation point where there arethan 15 shall be a tension point forces Figure 4. An installation point with sharper angle no longitudinal net present. For instance in a pole in the middle of a straight line.

Tension point

Suspension point

Tension point

Figure 5. Suspension and tension points

3.

Planning 3.1 General The planning is a very important part of the installation work, and must not be neglected. 3.2 Route If there are several alternatives of route, choose, with respect to the cables large communication capacity and the relative low price, a suitable route regarding safety of operation, I.e. a route where the risk of damage on the cable is low. 3.3 Planning Basis Following basis s for planning have to be made: - A general map, e.g. scale 1:50 000. - A map for drawing planned joint points and route, e.g. scale 1:10 000. - Joint plans for existing cables. - Cable specifications. Using above following can be prepared: Preliminary route. Preliminary joint points. 3.4 Survey The planner has to check the route in field regarding: - Accessibility, I.e. where can trucks with cable drums get trough?. Where can pulling and tensioning equipment be placed?. The choice of places to work, might be very important for the economy of the installation project. - Where to place joint points. - How to place the cable in the poles compared to existing cables (if any). - The authorities requirements. - Route regarding risks of damage when felling, road-work, etc. - Pole spacing - Crossing roads, railways, rivers, power line, etc. - Tension and suspension points. After survey it is possible to establish line route and joint points and draw them in a suitable map. The cable quantity needed can also be calculated (add at least 20 meters of cable for each joint points). 3.5 Other Since a lot of people are involved at the same time in the installation procedure, and they might be very far away and out of sight from other, radio communication equipment is necessary. There might be critical events when radio communication makes the difference between success and disaster.

4.

Cable An optical fiber cable has high communication capacity, small dimensions and low weight, which makes it well suited for aerial use. It can be made metal free (dielectric) and therefore suitable to install in power lines. After survey it is possible to choose cable type. The most important factors are: Span lengths. Max. ice and wind loads. Dielectric or metallic cable construction? Max. allowed sag.

5.

Accessories There are a lot of difference types of accessories on the market. Some types, which are known to work well by experience, are recommended in this document. The choice of accessories depends on type of cable, for instance slotted core, dielectric, cable design or figure-8. Normally it is not possible to use the same for both cable types. 5.1 Tension Point For slotted core, dielectric, cable designs in one tension point following accessories are needed, see figure 8:(1) Anchoring eye 1 pcs (2) Turnbuckle 2 pcs (3) Thimble 2 pcs (4) Preformed dead end 2 pcs

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Figure 8. Accessories for tension points. For use with slotted core, dielectric, cable designs For figure-8 cable designs in one tension point following accessories are needed, figure 9:(5) Anchoring eye 1 pcs (6) Termination sleeve 2 pcs see

(5)

(6)

Figure 9. Accessories for tension points. Shall be used with figure-8 cable design

5.2 Suspension Points For slotted core, dielectric, cable designs in one suspension point following accessories are needed, see figure 10 :(7) Holder 1 pcs (8) Hook 1 pcs (9) Suspension spiral 1 pcs

(7)

(8)

(9) Figure 10. Accessories for suspension points. Shall be used with slotted core, dielectric cable design.

For figure-8 cable designs in one suspension point following accessories are needed, see figure 11 :(10) Anchoring eye 1 pcs (11) Termination sleeve 2 pcs

(10)

(11)

Figure 11. Accessories for suspension points. Shall be used with figure-8 cable design

5.3 Joint Points Use of Ericsson joint closure model NCD 504 is recommended, see figure 12. The closure is made of fire retardant plastic and waterproof. Inside the closure, the fiber organizers hold and protect the fibers and the fiber splices. In the standard version, the closure contains a stack of 8 organizers. Every organizer can hold 12 single fiber splices or 8 ribbon fiber splices.

Figure 12. Ericsson joint closure model NCD 504. Separate jointing instruction for the joint closure is written and can be ordered from Ericsson, article no EN/LZT 108 578.

5.4 Dampers To avoid problems with galloping effects vibration dampers have to be used on long span lengths (> 150 200 meters). But since this document mainly deals with span lengths up to 150 meters this subject is no further handled.

6.

Installation All methods mentioned earlier are possible, but this recommendation will deal with pulling with tension , from the ground. 6.1 Limitations When handling the cable there are two important parameters that shall not be exceeded. The parameters are minimum bending radius and maximum pulling force. Those parameters shall be given by the cable manufacturer. 6.2 Pulling Method 6.2.1 Placement of the cable drum and the pulling equipment Decide where the suitable places for working with the cable drum and the pulling equipment are. The cable drum should be at a sufficient distance from the first pole, not to have a sharp elevation angle.

6.2.2 Placement of running-out blocks Place a running-out block in each pole which will be reached by the present cable length. The running-out blocks shall be so constructed that the minimum bending radius of the cable is ensured. 6.2.3 Pulling out a pulling wire Thread a pulling wire through the running-out block in the first pole. Pull the wire to the next pole, by foot or by vehicle, or whatever is most suitable. Thread the wire through the running-out block in this pole, and go on this way until the wire is pulled out in its entire length. Fasten the pulling wire to the pulling equipment, for instance a motor winch. 6.2.4 Fastening the pulling wire to the cable Fasten the pulling wire to the cable, by using a swivel and a stocking. Place the stocking on the cable end. Attach the stocking to the pulling wire with a swivel.

Pulling wire

Swivel

Stocking

Cable

Figure 13. Cable attached to the pulling wire 6.2.5 Pulling out the cable Apply brakes to the cable drum, or use a braking capstan, and pull out the cable with the pulling equipment. Certify that the pulling force never exceed the maximum allowed. It can for instance be checked with a dynamometer or regulated motor winch (or by checking the sag in a span). Pull out an excess length of cable, at least equal to the distance from the installation point to the place of the splice box, and some meters extra for splicing (minimum 20 meters). There should be people at each pole, carrying radio communication equipment. If the cable or the pulling wire get stuck, or other problem occurs, the radio is used to alert the people at the pulling equipment to stop pulling. 6.2.6 Tensioning the cable Fasten the cable in the first pole, using accessories for a tension point. Tension the cable with the pulling equipment to the desired sag. Typical sag is 2%, meaning that in a 100 meters span, the sag is 2 meters. Measure the sag with for instance a tachometer or by other methods, see figure. If the sag is correct in one span, and the cable can move freely in the running-out blocks, then the sag is correct in all spans for this length of cable. Fasten the cable in the last pole, also a tension point. Finally fasten the cable in the intermediate poles, which will be suspension points.

Sag

Span length

Figure 14. Estimating the sag by using the tachometer. 6.2.7 Tension point 5 6 6

Figure 15. Principle of a tension point with a figure-8 cable design. Accessories numbered according to paragraph 5.1. A piece of the sheath is removed from the end of the suspension strand. The termination sleeve is pressed on the steel wire. Finally the hook is hanged up in the anchoring eye.

1 2 2

4 2

3 1

3 2

Figure 16. Principle of a tension point with a slotted core, dielectric cable design. Accessories numbered according to paragraph 5.1

6.2.8 Suspension point 6 5 6

Figure 17. Principle of a suspension point with a slotted core, dielectric, cable design. Accessories numbered according to paragraph 5.2.

Figure 18. Principle of a suspension point with6a figure-8 cable design. Accessories numbered according to paragraph 5.2. 6

7.

Joint Points The splicing should be performed in a vehicle, or other protection, placed as close to the pole as possible. The cable loop (double cable) is coiled after finished splicing work and fastened to the pole. Notice the minimum bend radius of the cable. Fasten thereafter also the joint box to the pole, with galvanised screws. When choosing place for joint point it is important to take following into account: - The joint box shall have suitable placing on the pole compared to existing cables. - To avoid damage, place the box at least 4 meters from the ground. - Joint box and cable loops shall be placed in a way that they easily can be taken down for repair and resplicing. The splice box should be marked, with a warning sign for laser beam and with the name of the section, number of the splice point, etc, to make system support easy in the future. The marking should by hard-wearing, e.g. a metal sign.

8.

Measurements and Documentation It is important for future support of the system to have a proper documentation. (1) Draw the route on a map, with joint points marked. (2) Each pole shall have an ID, and each span length between the poles shall be noted in a table (or on the map). (3) Give each joint point an individual ID and write the Id s on the map. (4) Measure the route with an OTDR. Measure distance between joint points, splice loss in each joint point and attenuation for all fibers between joint points. It is recommendable to measure the splice loss from both directions and use the average value. (5) Prepared a protocol. The protocol shall (at least) include things like:- ID for cable between joint points. - The attenuation and length between the joint points, in all fibers. - The splice loss of all joint points, in all fibers. An example of a protocol

Joint point ID 1 1

Cable ID

Fiber No. No. 1 No.2

Attenuation 1310 nm 0.10 dB 0.07 dB 0.34 dB/km 0.34 dB/km 1550 nm 0.12 dB 0.10 dB 0.18 dB/km 0.19 dB/km

Length

AAAA AAAA

No.1 No.2

2113 m 2112 m

0.10 points as startingdB ending 0.02 and The 2 protocol shall be prepared with No.1 the both terminal dB points. A cross section drawing of the cable type(s) in the system should also be attached to the 2 No.2 0.13 dB 0.05 dB protocol. (6) Store the protocols BBBB on suitable place for future use (for instance in the terminal boxes at m No.1 0.34 dB/km 0.19 dB/km 1754 the end points of the route). BBBB No.2 0.35 dB/km 0.19 dB/km 1755 m 3 3 No.1 No.2 0.03 dB 0.19 dB 0.05 dB 0.15 dB

FIBER OPTIC CABLE Direct Burial Cable Installation

1. 2.

General This section covers the standard procedure for installation of direct buried cables. Precautions The following precautions shall be taken when installing direct buried cables. 2.1 Ordinances and permits Permits required for cable installation should be obtained before starting the work and should be reatained for immediate reference during the progress of work. Permits may be required for the following works. a) Excavation of the land belongs to the high way authorities. b) Excavation of private land. c) Temporary use of the roads or private lands for construction work. d) Blasting (At Rocky Terrain) e) Pushing pipe under streets or railway. f) River or streem crossings. g) Bridge crossing. h) Temporary traffic close. 2.2 Safety work a) While excavating or cable laying work along or across highways, streets, or alleys, special care should be taken to minimize interference with traffic. If necessary, the ground opening may be bridge with a structure of adequate strength to provide suitable passage for any traffic which is likely to pass over it. b) All ground opening, construction materials, excavated soils, cable drums, machinery left on streets, highways, or other accessible locations, shall be protected with standard warning devices. 2.3 Ploughing and trenching a) In order to carry out under-ground cable installation more effectively, several kinds of heavy construction machines such as excavators, trenching machines and/or ploughing machines will be used. Use of such machines will be decided according to local conditions. b) At start of construction, the centre line of the excavation shall be varified from a clearly defined object, such as bench mark, edge of curb, pole, fire hydrant etc. The centre line should be shown on the blue print by direction and distance. c) Before starting burying operations, operators shall make maximum effort to avoid exposing or making contact with the underground facilities belongs to third parties.

3.

4.

Route Design The purpose of detailed route survey is to clarify the following points prior to the preparation of materials and the starting of installation in order to ensure smooth execution of the project. 3.1 Location It is an advantageous to select a permanent location for buried plant, considering factors such as right-of way limitations, soil type, natural obstacles, other utilities and services, future road expansion and natural land movements. Moreover, same side of the road shall be selected as cable route as much as possible so as not to cross the road frequently. 3.2 Test digging After confirming the cable route, test digging is executed along the route at every corner and at the places where other underground facilities are likely to exist. 3.3 Measuring route length With full recognization of the condition of the existing underground facilities through test digging, the suitable digging position will be determined. Installation 4.1 Dimension of trench 4.1.1 Trench in normal soil The OF-Cable(s) shall be buried to a standard depth of 100 cm and a warning tape shall be buried above the cable at a depth of 30 cm below ground level. Standard dimension of excavation for buried cable is shown in figure 1.

Back Warning filling Normally, excavated soil without stones is used for backfilling 4.1.2 Trench in Rocky Terrain tape soil In case of burying in rockey terrain condition, extreme care shall be taken with the OF-Cable to avoid contact with rocks, stones and other similar Cable heavy and sharp
objects in the trench. The bottom of trench shall therefore screened earth or sand before laying of cable. (Figure 2) be covered with

100 cm 30 cm

Figure 1.

4.1.1 Trench in Rocky Terrain In case of burying in rockey terrain condition, extreme care shall be taken with the OF-Cable to avoid contact with rocks, stones and other similar heavy and sharp objects in trench. The bottom of trench shall therefore be covered with screened earth or sand before laying of cable. (Figure 2) In place where the original depth can not be maintained for a long period, the protection method shown below (Figure 3) shall be considered.

100 cm 30 cm

Warning tape Cab le 20 cm

Screened earth or sand

Figure 2

More than 50 cm 30 cm

Screened earth or sand

Figure 3

3 20 cm cm Cab le

Warning Concrete tape protection

4.2 Protection of buried cables When laying cables along highways the contractor shall take protective measures to secure the cable against damage at the crossing over water culverts (concrete pipes) or others obstructing his path between 0.5 m to 0.8 m depth. 4.2.1 In places where burying depth is between 0.8m to 1.0 m, no special measure is required as illustrated below

0.8 m ~ 1.0 m Cable

1.0 m

Crossing over drainage pipe

4.2.2 In places where burying depth is between 0.5 m to 0.8 m, cables shall be protected by split-GIP, concrete slabs or other agreed methods at 1.0 m, below ground as illustrated below.

Protection by 0.5 m ~ concrete slabs 0.8 m or other Cab le Crossing over drainage pipe

1.0 m

4.2.3 In places where burying depth is between 0.2 m to 0.5 m, protection by GIP or 4 at 1.0 m below the ground shall be made as illustrated.

0.2 m to 0.5 m GIP Pipe Crossing over box culvert

1.0 m

4.2.4 Protection of existing facilities When existing facilities (Power line, water main, sewage, etc.) appear during digging, special care must be taken for digging the soil around them. Undermentioned clearance between new buried cable and other facilities is required. 4.3 Cable laying 4.3.1 Basic articles (a) Reeling off cable drums The cable shall be reeled off from the cable drum according to the arrow mark indicating the direction of rotation of the drum. (b) Placing arrangement of cable In case where more than two cables are laid in parallel, such as going into or coming out from stations or junctions, they shall be spaced by 10 cm at minimum. (c) Bending radius Cable shall not be bend repeatedly. Bending radius of cable shall be as follows :During installation : Minimum or more than 15 times of cable diameter When fixed : Minimum or more than 10 times of cable diameter

(d) Twist Cables shall never be twisted. Swivels shall be used in laying work. (e) Laying tension Cables shall be pulled with constant and smallest possible tension in their laying work. Impact shall be avoided. Allowable tension strength is given by the specification of each type of cable. (f) Laying speed Laying speed of cable shall be less than 20 meter per minute. 4.3.2 Handling of cable drum (a) Stock - Drums shall not be laid flat - Drums shall be kept in the stock yard with sufficient space for easy handling. (b) Transportation of cable There are several methods to transport cables, e.g. with ordinary cargo trucks, or cable carrier, etc. Rolling of drums shall not be allowed unless the distance is very short. (c) Loading and unloading of cables There are two methods for loading and unloading cables on or from cargo truck ; one with a crane and the other with a winch. In case where a crane is used, care shall be taken to select and use appropriate wire enough for bearing weight of cable. Figure 1 below shows how to load or unload a drum with a winch.

win ch

wire rope

chock lumber

Figure 1

plan k

tres tle

4.3.3 Cable laying into trench (a) Site investigation Before laying cables, investigation shall be made for the condition of trench. - To confirm whether direct laying of cable into trench is possible or cable has to be once laid on the ground prior to laying in trench. - To check and confirm whether any obstruction exists on the route of cable which requires detouring or passing underneath. - Investigate by pass and ground surface conditions along cable route.

(b) Selection of laying method Upon the results of foregoing investigations and in consideration of the location of drum placing and necessity of rollers, a suitable laying method should be selected out of the following. - In case there is no obstruction in the trench, or conditions of by-pass and/or ground surface allow easy cable laying in the trench. (Move cable drum method) - In case some obstruction exist in the trench and conditions of either by-pass or ground surface are unfavorable to force cable route to detour or to pass underneath. (Fixed cable drum method) (c) Cable laying by move cable drum method - Load cable on a truck (Pick-Up) equipped with fixed jacks or use a a cable carrier. - Cable shall be laid directly into the trench or onto road surface avoiding occurrence of twisting. - Utmost care shall be taken not to twist the cable when it is shifted into trench from ground.

lower side

tru ck

cable drum tren ch ja ck cab le

Figure 2

upper sideG.L. cab le edge of trench

(d) Cable laying by fixed drum method - Setting of drum (I) In consideration of cable laying direction, drum shall be set at an end of trench or at an intermediate point. (II) Axis of cable jack shall be arranged to be set horizontally (III) Cable drums shall be set correctly in consideration of cable laying direction.

Drum Shaft Jack

Figure 3 - Terminal treatment for pulling end A cable grip shall be provided as shown below Figure 4. be provided, without exception, between cable grip and

A swivel shall pulling wire rope.

Unstrander (swivel) Pulling wire

Cable grip
20 30

Cab le

{ {

{
15

Snackle
Figure 4

20

2.0 mm iron wire ( 5-6 turns )

Wire rope

- Arrangement of rollers and wire rope Roller shall be arranged within or on ground surface along trench line. with its terminal wound to a winch is laid on the rollers.

Win ch

5 10 m

Wire rope

Swiv Cable el grip Shac kle P.V.C tape

Figure 5

- Cable laying operation (I) O.F cable will be pulled on to the rollers by using the winch. (II) A guiding aid personal shall be assigned at the terminal and laying shall be continuously made with a speed 10 20 m/min. (III) When excessive tension is occurred, the trench, rollers and O.F. cable shall be checked and if no trouble is found, the cable shall be pulled very carefully by hand or machine. (IV) In case where rollers arranged on the ground, utmost care shall be taken not to give twisting and/or extreme bending to the cable while laying it into the trench. - Operations performed at the pulling end and at the letting out end during laying. (I) Close contact between men at both cable ends shall be kept during operation to respond any minor happening through transceivers or temporary telephones. (II) Since drum and winch will be set on ground surface, operation shall be made so carefully as not to harm cable sheath when it passes edge of excavation. - Post laying treatment and check (I) Check at both ends if sufficient margins have been provided for jointing. (II) Check for exterior damage, and if any report the situation to supervisor immediately. (III) Check extended meandering, falling stones, etc. (IV) In case cable is cut, cut end shall be covered with neoprene or plastic cap as shown in figure 6.

Adhesive P.V.C tape ( lap-one shuttle wound) 1.6 mm iron wire 30 mm spac Cap neoprene e Self bonding tape ( lap-one or plastic shuttle wound) 6 Figure Cable

4.4 Method of ploughing 4.4.1 The ploughing machine may be used under the following conditions. (a) The cable laying position shall be aligned approx. 1m from road shoulder within the embankment. (b) Permission of the Highway Department shall be taken. (c) The width of road shoulder shall be more than 2.5 m. (d) The continuous ploughing length shall be more than 2 km. (e) No obstacles in cable laying route shall be exist, and ground condition is suitable for use of ploughing machine. 4.4.2 Ploughing method The ploughing method shall be applied for cable installation as shown figure 1and 2. (a) The bulldozer for ripping shall be positioned in front of the ploughing machine. (b) The cable drum shall be set on the ploughing machine and the cable shall be laid at depth of 100 cm below ground level together with warning tape. The warning tape shall be laid above the cable at a depth of 30 cm below ground level. (c) In case two cables shall be buried in the same place two cable drums shall be set on the ploughing machine and two cables shall be laid simultaneously in the same place together with the warning tape in the same manner as mentioned in above paragraph 4.4.1 and 4.4.2. (d) After finishing cable laying by moleplough, road surface shall be restored by vibration roller immediately. (e) For bridge crossing, culvert crossing etc. or when there are obstacles in the cable route, where moleplough cannot be used, manpower and/or other appropriate digging machines shall be employed for trench construction.

Ripping Bulldozer Road shoulde r Approx. Watch 2.5 m man

Mole Plough

Vibration Roller

Carriage way Road shoulder

Figure 1

Warning device

Ripping Bulldozer

Mole Plough

Vibration Roller

Figure 2 5.

0.3 m 1.0 m

Warning Buried OFtape Cable

Splicing Box (Option) The structure of direct buried splicing box as illustrated below shall consist of concrete frame and cover only for convenient access to spare cable portion and closure. The surplus length of cables for jointing allowance, when splicing cable and in place where a spur-rout shall be installed later, shall be laid at the bottom of splicing box (coil of approx. 5 m). The cable joint closure shall be set on wooden block. B

36 0

Cable closure 10 Of00 (Jointing Allowance is approx. 2.5 m at each side) Cable
B Plan View (unit : mm)

OfCable

Section A-A

10 68 00 5 San d Cable closure Sand bed

3 0 50

Concrete plate (600 Of- x 50) x 360 Cable

40 0 37 0 15 2

50

60 100 0

6 4 6 0 3 6 mm mm 30

36 12 0 12 0 0 36 30 0 0 CLOSU RE

6 0 3 0

5 0 3 0 30

3 6 mm6 4 mm

3 0 30

Section B B (Unit : mm) 6. Trenching Method Typical Requirement :100 mm

300 mm

Grass Verge Trench

Asp halt Warning Tape So il Crusher Run Concrete Slab (optional) San d Direct 300 mm Burial Carriageway Trench Cable

1000 mm 1500 mm

300 mm 500 mm

15 37 0 40 0 0
300 mm 500 mm 100 mm

100 mm

1000 mm 1500 mm