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LTE Network Planning To Introduce the LTE basic principle, network planning method and RNP solution
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LTE has the flat network architecture and physical layer applies OFDM technology, as well as the MIMO, ICIC, etc. LTE network planning includes coverage, capacity planning. Link budget and capacity estimation are introduced in these slides. In RNP solution, you can find the introduction of RNP tools, performance enhancement features and other solution that customer will concern, such as the interference avoidance and co-antenna analysis
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Audience
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Global C&Wi RNP engineers, product manager and account managers with wireless background knowledge
Version Information
Versions Creator/Staff ID Approver/Staff ID
Release dept.
V1.0_10/01/18
Cui Dongfeng/53824
Huawei Confidential
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Charter 1 LTE Principles Charter 2 LTE Network Planning Charter 3 LTE RNP Solutions
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Uplink-downlink Configurations
Downlink-to-Uplink Switch-point periodicity 5 ms 5 ms 5 ms 10 ms 10 ms 10 ms 5 ms Subframe number 0 D D D D D D D 1 S S S S S S S 2 U U U U U U U 3 U U D U U D U 4 U D D U D D U 5 D D D D D D D 6 S S S D D D S 7 U U U D D D U 8 U U D D D D U 9 U D D D D D D
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D: Downlink subframe U: Uplink subframe S: Special subframe
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DwPTS: Downlink Pilot Time Slot GP: Guard Period UpPTS: Uplink Pilot Time Slot
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CP Configuration
DL OFDM CP Length 160 for slot #0 144 for slot #1~#6 512 for slot #0~#5 1024 for slot #0~#2 UL SC-FDMA CP Length 160 for slot #0 144 for slot #1~#6 512 for slot #0~#5 NULL 24 (DL only) 12 6 3 (DL only) Sub-carrier of each RB Symbol of each slot 7
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Uplink Channels
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) : Carries the random access preamble. Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) : Carries the uplink user data. Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) : Carries the HARQ ACK/NACK, Scheduling Request (SR) and Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), etc.
MAC Layer Physical Layer
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Phy Ch
PBCH PDCCH PDSCH
Modulation Scheme
QPSK QPSK QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
Phy Ch
PCFICH PHICH PMCH
Modulation Scheme
QPSK BPSK QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
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Modulation Scheme
BPSK, QPSK QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM Zadoff-Chu
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R0
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R0
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l !6 l !0
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Characteristics:
Cell-Specific Reference Signals are generated from cellspecific RS sequence and frequency shift mapping. RS is the pseudo-random sequence transmits in the timefrequency domain. The frequency interval of RS is 6 subcarriers. RS distributes discretely in the time-frequency domain, sampling the channel situation which is the reference of DL demodulation. Serried RS distribution leads to accurate channel estimation, also high overhead that impacting the system capacity.
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R0
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Not used for RS transmission on this antenna port RS symbols on this antenna port
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R1 l !6 l !0
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R0
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R1: RS transmitted in 1st ant port R2: RS transmitted in 2nd ant port
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Antenna Port 0
Antenna Port 1
Antenna Port 2
Antenna Port 3
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DM RS (Demodulation Reference Signal), associated with PUSCH and PUCCH transmission. SRS (Sounding Reference Signal), without associated with PUSCH and PUCCH transmission.
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Characteristics:
Each UE occupies parts of the system bandwidth since SC-FDMA is applied in uplink. DM RS only transmits in the bandwidth allocated to PUSCH and PUCCH. The slot location of DM RS differs with associated PUSCH and PUCCH format. Sounding RSs bandwidth is larger than that allocated to UE, in order to provide the reference to e-NodeB for channel estimation in the whole bandwidth. Sounding RS is mapped to the last symbol of sub-frame. The transmitted bandwidth and period can be configured. SRS transmission scheduling of multi UE can achieve time/frequency/code diversity.
Time Freq
DM RS associated with PUCCH (transmits UL ACK signaling) is mapped to the central 3 symbols each slot
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DM RS associated with PUCCH (transmits UL CQI signaling) is mapped to the 2 symbols each slot
Time
System bandwidth
PUCCH is mapped to up & down ends of the system bandwidth, hopping between two slots.
Huawei Confidential
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About Cell ID
In LTE protocol, the physical layer Cell ID comprises two parts: Cell Group ID and ID within Cell Group. The latest version defines that there are 168 Cell Group IDs, 3 IDs within each group. So totally 168*3=504 Cell IDs exist.
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represents Cell Group ID, value from 0 to 167; represents ID within Cell Group, value from 0 to
2.
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Random access channel parameters: PRACH configuration, frequency position and preamble format, etc. Parameters for determining the preamble root sequences and their cyclic shifts in the sequence set for the cell, in order to demodulate the random access preamble.
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PPUSCH (i) ! min {PMAX ,10 log10 (M PUSCH (i)) PO_PUSCH (j) (j) PL
TF
(i) f(i)}
UL Tx Power
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PUSCH power control is the slow power control, to compensate the path loss and shadow fading and control inter-cell interference. The control principle is shown in above equation. The following factors impact PUSCH transmission power PPUSCH: UE maximum transmission power PMAX, UE allocated resource MPUSCH, initial transmission power PO_PUSCH, estimated path loss PL, modulation coding factor TF and system adjustment factor f (not working during opened loop PC)
EPRE: Energy per Resource Element DFT-SOFDM: Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM
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Functions for User Plane: Header compression and decompression: ROHC Transfer of user data: PDCP receives PDCP SDU from the NAS and forwards it to the RLC layer and vice versa In-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs at handover for RLC AM Duplicate detection of lower layer SDUs at handover for RLC AM Retransmission of PDCP SDUs at handover for RLC AM Ciphering Timer-based SDU discard in uplink Functions for Control Plane: Ciphering and Integrity Protection Transfer of control plane data: PDCP receives PDCP SDUs from RRC and forwards it to the RLC layer and vice versa
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TTI: 1ms Frequency
Frequency
User 1 User 2
User 1 User 2 Time Sub-band 12Sub-carriers User 3
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MIMO
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Downlink MIMO
MIMO is supported in LTE downlink to achieve spatial multiplexing, including single user mode SU-MIMO and multi user mode MU-MIMO. In order to improve MIMO performance, pre-coding is used in both SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO to control/reduce the interference among spatial multiplexing data flows. The spatial multiplexing data flows are scheduled to one single user In SU-MIMO, to enhance the transmission rate and spectrum efficiency. In MUMIMO, the data flows are scheduled to multi users and the resources are shared within users. Multi user gain can be achieved by user scheduling in the spatial domain.
Pre-coding vectors User1
Uplink MIMO
Due to UE cost and power consumption, it is difficult to implement the UL multi transmission and relative power supply. Virtual-MIMO, in which multi single antenna UEs are associated to transmit in the MIMO mode. VirtualMIMO is still under study. Scheduler assigns the same resource to multi users. Each user transmits data by single antenna. System separates the data by the specific MIMO demodulation scheme. MIMO gain and power gain (higher Tx power in the same time-freq resource) can be achieved by VirtualMIMO. Interference of the multi user data can be controlled by the scheduler, which also bring multi user gain.
User1
User 1 data
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User 1 data User 2 data
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User 1 data
Scheduler
User k data
Pre-coder
S2
User k data
MIMO Decoder
User2
User2
Scheduler
Channel Information
User k
MU-MIMO
Virtual-MIMO
Huawei Confidential
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Link Auto-adaptation
LTE support link auto-adaptation in time-domain and frequency-domain. Modulation scheme is selected based on the channel quality in time/frequency-domain. In CDMA system, power control is one important link auto-adaptation technology, which can avoid interference by far-near effect. In LTE system, user multiplexed by OFDM technology. Power control is used to reduce the uplink interference from adjacent cell, to compensate path loss. It is one type of slow link auto-adaptation scheme.
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ICIC
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ICIC is one solution for the cell interference control, is essentially a schedule strategy. In LTE, some coordination schemes, like SFR (Soft Frequency Reuse) and FFR (Fractional Frequency Reuse) can control the interference in cell edges to enhance the frequency reuse factor and performance in the cell edges.
SFR Solution
SFR is one effective solution of inter-cell interference control. The system bandwidth is separated into primary band and secondary band with different transmit power.
The primary band is assigned to the users in cell edge. The eNB transmit power of the primary band can be high. Secondary Band Secondary Band Secondary Band
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Cell 1
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Frequency
Cell 1 Primary Band Total System BW The total system bandwidth can be assigned to the users in cell center. The eNB transmit power of the secondary band should be reduced in order to avoid the interference to the primary band of neighbor cells.
2 7 1 6 5 4
Power
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Secondary Band
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Charter 1 LTE Principles Charter 2 LTE Network Planning Charter 3 LTE RNP Solutions
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Charter 1 LTE Principles Charter 2 LTE Network Planning ------------Frequency Planning Coverage Planning Capacity Planning
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F1 F1 F1
F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1
S111 BTS
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throughput
Do not need complex scheduling algorithm,
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Co-frequency interference is hard Low Cell edge data rate, difficulty for continuous
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coverage.
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cell center use 2/3 band cell edge use 1/3 band so, in cell edge, frequency reuse 3, different cell edge use different frequency. Tx power in cell center lower than cell edge Tx power to control interference.
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cell center use 2/3 band cell edge use 1/3 band, so, in cell edge, frequency reuse 3, different cell edge use different frequency. Cell users in same BTS transmit in the odd / even frame scheduling , respectively
DL SFR 1*3*1
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difference
User in Cell center and cell edge within the cell separate by time domain different site cell edge separate by frequency domain;
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lower than cell edge; FFR: cell center is same with cell edge
UL frequency resource: FFR mode,
DL cell center decrease Tx powe UL in cell edge different cell separate in frequency domain User in Cell center and cell edge within the cell separate by time domain
in cell edge, fixed use 1/3 of the frequency band; In SFR mode, cell edge use partial band, normally near 1/3 of the frequency.
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F3 F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F2 F3 F1 F2 F3
F3 F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F3 F1 F2
S111 BTS
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Disadvantage of 1*3*3
Low frequency efficiency More frequency resource required
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Charter 1 LTE Principles Charter 2 LTE Network Planning ------------Frequency Planning Coverage Planning Capacity Planning
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Balance cell radius Calculate site coverage area Calculate site number End
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Penetration Loss
Antenna Gain
Path Loss
Cable Loss
Penetration Loss eNodeB Antenna Gain
UE transmit power
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Path Loss
Antenna Gain
Penetration Loss
Cable Loss
Penetration Loss Body Loss UE Antenna Gain
UE receive sensitivity
UE receive sensitivity
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Cost231-Hata Model
Total ! Lu a ( H UE ) Cm
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Minimum Receiver Signal Level Receiver sensitivity, Noise Figure, Demodulation Threshold, Antenna gain, feeder loss, body loss.
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System gain, Margin, Loss MIMO Gain, other gain Shadow Fading Margin, Interference margin Penetration losss
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LTE Protocal defined working band is from 700MHz~2.6GHz including CDMA working band but lower than WiMAX 3.5GHz Because the working band vary largely, so the radio propagation capability is different in LTE/CDMA/Wimax. LTE and WiMAX adopt OFDMA as their access technology, for a single user, through system scheduling, using different No. of sub-carrier to meet the different coverage requirement. Compare with CDMA, CDMA users adjust Tx power in 1.2288M to meet the coverage requirement MIMO technology is used in LTE & WiMAX, different MIMO mode bring corresponding MIMO gains, like CDMA BS receiving diversity gain, which lower down the demodulation threshold. Modulation mode QPSK 16QAM and 64QAM employed by LTE and Wimax, CDMA use QPSK / 8-PSK / 16-QAM different modulation mode related to different data rate and different channel conditions In coverage planning process, LTE is same with CDMA and Wimax. For the technology difference, LTE is similar with Wimax, cause they all based on OFDMA and MIMO, the difference with CDMA is showed on the key system parameters.
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Charter 1 LTE Principles Charter 2 LTE Network Planning ------------Frequency Planning Coverage Planning Capacity Planning
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Network Throughput
Single-site capacity
Configuration Analysis: Frequency reused mode, Bandwidth, carrier configurations, MIMO configurations etc.
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Number of sites
Single-site Capacity: single site capacity calculated from system simulation after configuration analysis
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Cell Radius
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Simulation result
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C/I Probability distribution
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Pi is the probability corresponding to CINR Throughputi is the throughput calculated on a basis of CINR. According to different CINRs, search the table to obtain different modulation schemes and then obtain the Throughputi in different modulation schemes.
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About SFR 1x3x1 SFR 131introduces ICIC scheme based on traditional 131. Improves the cell edge user throughput with the cost of cell throughput. Max. Active User (RRC_Connected User) per cell eRAN 1.0 eRAN 2.0
Application Scenarios Lack of spectrum resource; High requirement of cell edge user experiences.
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1.4MHz 168
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Charter 1 LTE Principles Charter 2 LTE Network Planning ------------Frequency Planning Coverage Planning Capacity Planning
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What is U-Net?
U-Net is the professional LTE simulation tool developed by Huawei. U-Net is based on the abundant global RNP experiences.
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Function:
GIS Antenna model Network element management Service model management Propagation model tuning & mngt. Path loss calculation Polygon operation Coverage plot generation Point analysis Monte Carlo simulation PCI planning Neighbor list planning Frequency planning
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Coverage Prediction:
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Benefit:
Accurate prediction Easy operation and friendly interface Saving HR cost due to higher planning efficiency. Lower technical level requirement by Professional functions
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Expected Improveme nt
1~5dB
Comments
The more serious interference condition, the more obvious the IRC gain will be. 3 dB in theory. Considered the co-relate between real antenna, 2.5dB is the practical gain. 2~3dB gain when cell edge user throughput = 500Kbps, 1~2dB gain when cell edge user throughput = 1Mbps Bundle several TTIs together for a single VoIP packet transmission. Power convergence. Rooftop site, typical cable loss for BTS is 3dB, for RRU is 0.5dB (jumper loss). Assume there is no TMA.
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UL & DL
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UL & DL
2.5dB
3dB improvement
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
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Avoid Interference
Co-site solution is recommended by Huawei
Co-site Scenario: Avoid far-near effect, less interference Non Co-site Scenario: Adjacent frequency interference will be much higher
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Guard band Requirement for Co-existing Systems (MHz) System Standards Co-existing Systems
LTE protocol LTE + GSM Huawei Product protocol LTE + UMTS Latest MSR protocol protocol LTE + CDMA Huawei Product LTE Band X + LTE Band Y LTE FDD + LTE TDD protocol Huawei Product protocol 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 Huawei Product 0 0.24 0 0.49 0 0.74 0 0.99 protocol protocol 0 0.33 0 0.08 0 0.17 0 0.42 Other system protocol 5MHz 0.2 10MHz 0.2 15MHz 0.2 20MHz 0.2
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Guard band can be eliminated by deploying10 Huawei RAN products protocol protocol 10 10
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Co-Antenna/Feeder Analysis
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Benefit:
Saving feeder cost High feeder loss in 2.6GHz. (Table below) 0.6~1.0dB loss caused by additional diplexers/TMAs (0.3dB/diplexer), which bring negative impact on 2G/3G coverage RRU installed near to antenna Co-feeder is not recommended in general scenarios.
Risk:
Risk:
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Additional diplexers cause insertion loss Can not adjust azimuth independently Wide band or multi band depends on the frequency spectrums 4-port antenna is recommended for supporting independent downtilt Same electrical specification with original.
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Suggestion:
Suggestion:
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No additional feeder and connector loss for LTE; No negative impact to 2G/3G network.
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Disadvantage:
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Risks:
Additional loss by co-feeder will: Reduce 11~14% cell radius Increase 26~35% site quantity
(2.6GHz, 30m 7/8 feeder)
Conclusion:
Select the Co-antenna/feeder solution based on the real situation Need to evaluate and balance the benefits and risks of the solution
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Solution
Higher transmit power compensate feeder and insertion loss. First Stage: DL and UL SISO. Next Stage: DL and UL MIMO when multi antenna DAS is ready.
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Thank you
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