Overview
What is a group? What are some common characteristics of groups? What assumptions guide researchers in their studies of groups and the processes within groups?
What fields and what topics are included in the scientific study of group dynamics?
What is a Group?
Definition: Two or more individuals who are connected to one another by social relationships.
Size: dyads and triads to large collectives (this class, mobs, audiences) Connected: members are linked, networked Social, interpersonal connection: not categorical
Types of Groups
Perceiving groups: people intuitively draw distinctions between intimate groups, task-focused groups, loose associations, and more general social categories. Billions of groups in the world, but they can be classified into basic categories, or clusters How are groups classified?
Types of Groups
Types of groups: Primary Secondary Planned (concocted and founded) Emergent (circumstantial and self-organizing)
Small, long-term groups characterized by face-to-face interaction & high levels of cohesiveness, solidarity, & member identification Larger, less intimate, more goal-focused groups typical of more complex societies
Families, close friends, tight-knit peer groups, gangs, elite military squads
Secondary groups
Concocted
Founded
Circumstantial Self-Organizing
Characteristics
Examples
Deliberately formed by the members themselves or by an external authority, usually for some specific purpose or purposes Planned by individuals or authorities outside the group. Production lines, military units, task forces, crews, professional sports teams Planned by one or more individuals Study groups, small who remain within the group businesses, clubs, associations Groups that form spontaneously as individuals find themselves repeatedly interacting with the same subset of individuals over time and settings Emergent, unplanned groups arising Waiting lines (queues), when external, situational forces set crowds, mobs, audiences, the stage for people to join together, bystanders often only temporarily, in a unified group Emerge when interacting Study groups, friendship individuals gradually align their cliques in a workplace, activities in a cooperative system of regular patrons at a bar interdependence.
Founded
Emergent groups
Circumstantial
Self-organizing
Characteristics Small groups of moderate duration & permeability characterized by large levels of interaction amongst members, who value membership in the group Work groups in employment settings and goal-focused groups in a variety of non-employment situations
Task groups
Weak associations
Aggregations of individuals that form Crowds, audiences, clusters spontaneously, last for brief periods, and of bystanders have very permeable boundaries Aggregations of individuals similar to one another in terms of gender, ethnicity, religion, or nationality. Women, Asian Americans, physicians, U.S. citizens, New Yorkers
Social categories
Groups are systems that create, organize, and sustain interaction among members Task Interaction actions performed by individuals pertaining to groups tasks and goals
Relationship Interaction actions performed by the group relating to emotional and interpersonal bonds
Experiences are determined by other members of the group and vice versa Sequential influence of one member to the next. Reciprocal two or more members may influence each other Multilevel the outcome of larger groups are influenced by the activities of smaller groups
Interdependence Diagram
Groups structure are often organized in predictable patterns Roles set of behaviours expected of people who occupy certain positions Norms a consensual standard that describes what behaviours should and should not be performed in a given context
Cohesiveness
Group Cohesion: the strength of the bonds linking individuals to the group Attraction to specific group members and efforts to achieve goals Entitativity is perceived groupness rather than an aggregation of independent, unrelated individuals
Cohesiveness
Campbells Theory of Entitativity (1958) Common Fate do individuals experience the same outcomes? Similarity do individual perform similar behaviours or resemble one another Proximity how close together are the individuals in the group
Group Dynamics
the "field of inquiry dedicated to advancing knowledge about the nature of groups" (Cartwright & Zander, 1968)
Group dynamics describes both: Interpersonal processes in groups The scientific study of groups and group processes (Kurt Lewin)
Level of Analysis Individual level: focus on the individual (psychological) Group level: focus on the group and social context (sociological) Multilevel: adopts multiple perspectives on groups
Assumptions (contd)
The paradigm: Assumptions and Orientations Groups are real Group processes are real Groupmind hypothetical mental force linking group members together Sherif's (1936) study of norm formation
Person A
Average distance estimates
Convergence
Person B Person C
Alone Group Session 1 Group Group Session 2 Session 3
Assumptions (contd)
Groups are more than the sum of their parts Lewin's (1951) field theory: behavior is a function of the person and the environment B = f(P, E).
Group Development
Groups are living systems: Tuckman's (1965) theory of group development forming storming norming performing adjourning
Performing
Norming
Task
Storming
Adjourning Forming
Discipline Anthropology
Topics
Groups in cross-cultural contexts; societal change; social and collective identities Business / Industry Work motivation; productivity; team building; goal setting Clinical/Counseling Therapeutic change through groups; sensitivity training; training Psychology groups; self-help groups; group psychotherapy Communication Information transmission in groups; discussion; decision making; problems in communication; networks Criminal Justice Organization of law enforcement; gangs; jury deliberations Education Classroom groups; team teaching; class composition and educational outcomes Political Science Leadership; intergroup and international relations; political influence; power Psychology Personality and group behavior; problem solving; perceptions of other people; motivation; conflict Social Work Team approaches to treatment; counseling; groups & adjustment Sociology Self & society; influence of norms on behavior; deviance Sports & Team performance; effects of victory and failure; cohesion and Recreation performance