PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL (Pengukuran Kinerja)

Pengertian Kinerja
pengertian kinerja (prestasi kerja) adalah hasil kerja secara kualitas dan kuantitas yang dicapai oleh seorang pegawai dalam melaksanakan tugasnya sesuai dengan tanggung jawab yang diberikan kepadanya. (Anwar Prabu Mangkunegara 2000:67).

Pengertian Kinerja
Kinerja merujuk kepada tingkat keberhasilan dalam melaksanakan tugas serta kemampuan untuk mencapai tujuan yang telah ditetapkan. Kinerja dinyatakan baik dan sukses jika tujuan yang diinginkan dapat tercapai dengan baik (Donnelly, Gibson and Ivancevich: 1994).

Penilaian Kinerja
Penilaian kinerja adalah suatu proses yang dilakukan dalam rangka menilai pegawai sedangkan kinerja pegawai diartikan sebagai suatu lingkungan dimana karyawan memenuhi atau mencapai persyaratan kerja yang ditentukan.
(Milkovich dan Bodreau )

What is Performance Appraisal

is a method by which the job performance of an employee is evaluated An evaluation of how well an employee performs his or her job compared to a set of predetermined standards. is a systematic review of a persons work and achievements over a recent period, usually leading to plans for the future.

What is Performance Appraisal

In personnel psychology, this term is used for the evaluation of the performance of an employee or a group measuring their contributions to the goals of the organization by reference to traits, behavior and results Any system of determining how well an individual employee has performed during a period of time, frequently used as a basis for determining merit increases. The evaluation of an individual's work performance in order to arrive at objective personnel decisions.

A process by which organization evaluate individual job performance

The appraisal of each employees performance should be based on actual performance of the critical elements identified through job analysis

Dessler menyatakan alasan mengapa organisasi perlu menilai kinerja : Penilaian kinerja memberikan informasi tentang dilakukannya promosi dan penetapan gaji. Penilaian memberikan suatu peluang bagi pimpinan dan bawahan untuk meninjau perilaku yang berhubungan dengan kerja bawahan. Penilaian berperan terhadap proses perencanaan karir yang terdapat di dalam organisasi, karena penilaian itu memberikan suatu peluang yang baik untuk meninjau perencanaan karir seseorang dilihat dari kekuatan dan kelemahan yang diperlihatkannya. (1997:2)

Manfaat & Kegunaan Penilaiaian Kinerja

Membantu tiap karyawan untuk semakin banyak mengerti tentang peranannya dan mengetahui secara jelas fungsi-fungsinya. Merupakan instrumen dalam membantu tiap karyawan mengerti kekuatankekuatan dan kelemahan-kelemahannya sendiri dalam kaitan dengan peran dan fungsi-fungsinya di dalam perusahaan Membantu mengenali kebutuhan-kebutuhan akan pengembangan setiap karyawan berkenaan dengan peran dan fungsinya. Menambah kebersamaan antara masing-masing karyawan dengan pejabat penyelia sehingga tiap karyawan senang bekerja dengan penyelianya dan sekaligus menyumbangkan sebanyak-banyaknya kepada organisasi. Merupakan mekanisme komunikasi yang semakin bertambah antara karyawan dan penyelianya sehingga tiap karyawan dapat mengetahui harapan-harapan majikan dan tiap majikan juga dapat mengetahui kesulitan-kesulitan para bawahan serta berusaha mengatasinya dan dengan demikian mereka bersama-sama menyelesaikan tugasnya.

Manfaat & Kegunaan Penilaiaian Kinerja

Merupakan instrumen untuk memberikan peluang bagi karyawan untuk mawas diri dan menetapkan sasaran pribadi sehingga terjadilah pengembangan yang direncanakan dan dimonitor sendiri. Memegang peranan dalam membantu setiap karyawan menyerap kebudayaan, norma-norma dan nilai-nilai organisasi sehingga suatu identitas dan keterikatan di dalam organisasi dapat dikembangkan di dalam perusahaan. Membantu mempersiapkan karyawan untuk memegang pekerjaan pada jenjang lebih tinggi dengan cara terus menerus memperkuat perkembangan perilaku dan kualitas yang dubutuhkan bagi posisi-posisi yang tingkatannya lebih tinggi di dalam organisasi. Merupakan instrumen dalam menciptakan sebuah iklim yang positif dan sehat di dalam organisasi, untuk mendorong dan berusaha sekuat tenaga dalam berbuat sesuatu. Membantu dalam berbagai keputusan kepegawaian dengan memberikan data tentang tiap karyawan secara berkala. (Rao,1996:94)

Langkah-Langkah Penilaian Kinerja

Langkah-langkah yang sebaiknya dipertimbangkan dalam menyusun sistem penilaian kinerja adalah : Penentuan tujuan penilaian Menentukan metode penilaian kinerja Menentukan faktor penilaian Menentukan bobot faktor penilaian Menentukan prosedur dan administrasi penilaian

Specific, Timely, Accurate, Identify impact to team or Dept Relevant, based upon observable
behavior, compare actual behavior to expected behavior

STAIR

Each of these components must be considered when analyzing performance issues!

Uses of Performance Appraisal

Performance of responsibilities of the job. Behavior in the workplace. Professional Development. Organizational support and encouragement of good performance. Correct poor performance and/or behavior and reestablish expectations of employer and employee.

Key elements of PA system

Employee performance Performance appraisal

Feedback

Performance measures

Performance-related standards

HR decisions

Employee records

PA process

SKILL ABILITIES

PERFORMANCE

EFFORTS BEHAVIOR

APPRAISAL (Standard vs Accomplishment)

IMPROVEMENT

(-)

(+)/(-)

(+)
RECOQNITION

Appraisal Methods
Past Oriented Appraisal, Employees can get feedback that my lead to renewed
efforts at improved performance

Rating Scales Checklists Forced Choice Method Critical Incident method Accomplishment Records

Future Oriented Appraisal, Focus on future performance by evaluating an

employees potential or setting future performance goals

Self Appraisals Management by Objectives Psychological Appraisals Assessment Centers

 Rating Scales, requires the rater to provide a subjective

No. Uraian Sangat Baik 1. Inisiatif 2. Kerjasama 3. Kehadiran Total 5 Baik 4 2 Gand Total 11 Cukup Kurang Sangat Kurang

evaluation of an individuals performance along a scale from low to high.

Checklists, requires the rater to select words or statements that

describe the employees performance and characteristics.
No. Uraian Memiliki kemampuan dan kemauan untuk menyusun perencanaan, mengorganisir 1. dan berinisiatif menindak lanjuti secara kongkrit 2. Menunjukkan kesiapan untuk selalu membantu orang lain yang membutuhkan Bobot 35

45

Jumlah hari kehadiran ditempat kerja 3. sesuai dengan yang ditetapkan oleh ketentuan perusahaan

20 100

 Forced Choice Method, requires the rater to choose

the most descriptive statement in each pair of statements about the employee being rated.
No. 1. Inspirator 2. Team player 3. Hadir tepat waktu Uraian Pekerja Keras Individual performer Sering terlambat

Critical Incident method, requires the rater to record

statements that describe extremely good or bad behavior related to the job performance. Recorded incidents include a brief explanation of what happened.

Accomplishment Records, these are employee-produced

listings of accomplishments such as publications, speeches, leadership roles, and other professionally related activities

 Self Appraisals, give the employees an authority to appraise

themselves. It can be a useful evaluation technique if the goal of evaluation is to further self-development.

Management by Objectives, consists of goals that are

objectively measurable and mutually agreed on by the employee and manager.

Psychological Appraisals, psychologists are used for

evaluations of the individual employees future potential.

Assessment Centers, are a form of standardized employee

appraisal that relies on multiple types of evaluation and multiple raters

Rater biases

Halo effect (to ) Error of central tendency Leniency and strictness bias Cross cultural biases Stereotyping (to ) The recency events effect

Reducing rater bias

Training

Biases and their causes should be explained The role of PA in employee decisions should be explained to stress the need for impartiality and objectivity Raters should apply subjective measures as a part of their training

Feedback

Raters should get feedback about their previous rating

Careful selection of PA techniques

HR management
Based on the job-related criteria Provide an accurate picture of past and/or future employee performance

PA

Feedback

Through an evaluation interview to get realistic view

HR department performance

Quality control check of HR function

The Evaluation Interview

The tell-and-sell method

The tell-and-listen interview

Communicates to employees their performance as accurately and directly as possible with little return feedback, but can lead to defensiveness Communicates to employees their strengths and weaknesses, but also allows for return feedback
This creates an environment that is less defensive and stressful to the employee

The Evaluation Interview (continued):

The problem-solving interview
Playing the role of helper more so than judge, the manager creates an environment through which the employee can discover his or her own developmental needs
Allows for the problem solving interview in the beginning, where the subordinate leads off, and finishes with the telland-sell or tell-and-listen approaches if the subordinate has missed some important areas of his or her performance

The mixed-model interview