STEELS in TURBINES

What it means to us. Types of steels. Carbon steels, Alloys steels. Alloying Elements, C Si Mn N Al Cu S P Cr Mo V Ni W Nb Ti B Zr Co etc. Steel parasites: As Sb Zn Bi O H P

Steels Metal: forgable, crystalline & anisotropic,conductor Agglomerate of >2elements

Functional, nomenclature

Plain carbon steels

Alloy steels

Low carbon

Medium carbon

High carbon

Low

Medium

High

Straight 12Cr LPT:corr,erosion

12CrMoV (W)

12CrMoVNb with,w/o Ni,B,N

DIN
Factor for DIN materials: Co,Cr,Mn,Ni,Si,W Al,Cu,Mo,Ti,V,Cb,Ta,Be,Pb,Zr C,N,P,S,Ce B

= X4 = X10 = X100 = X1000

56 Fe

26

1539 C

*It is a base metal in almost all steels.

*It is one of the most stable elements.

*It has 4 crystallographic forms ABGD. 2.86A, 2.90A, 3.63A, 2.93 A. Free energy changes at 1400C, 910C, 768C, 723 deg. C.

12C 3540C 6
It is unavoidable entity. It is also a must for producing steels. It dissolves in iron as a solute & makes ISS just like B and N. Rest almost all make SSS. Isotopes Allotropic forms = 3.(One the hardest, other the softest) Hybridization characteristic makes it very important element. The % amount proportionately increases YS& UTS, adversely affects Weldability,

28Si

Dissolves in Ferrite and hardens it (solute)

As Grafitizer, deoxidizer, Sustains hardness Increases electrical and scaling resistance, . Increases magnetic properties and permeability. Increases Resilience (Spring coil type and leaf type) If the % is >0.4 only then it can be termed as silicon steel. It acts as a matalloid.

14

1414C

55Mn

25

1221 C

2% medium alloy steels. MnS is far less harmful than FeS 2-10% never used in general, as an alloying element. A very useful strong de oxidizer. Cheaper substitute for Ni and Cr. Strength and toughness improvement & retains toughness at sub zero temp. Hardenability (increases considerably) Austenizing temp. decreases / lowers Dissolves into Ferrite and carbide formation. Inclusions as MnS,MnFeO.SiO2 12-14% with high carbon produces Austenic steel when water quenched.(Austenite toughens the steel),water toughening Work hardens on surface.

52Cr 1920C 24 Up to 5% low and >5% medium alloy steels

>12% high alloy-steels Carbides Dissolves in austenite with time and temp. Hardenability improves >> Wear resistance ,UTS,and elastic limit improves. Compressive strength improves. >> Raises austenizing temp. Eutectoid carbon% is reduced. With high % of C,12 Cr steels , attains high deg of wear resistance. With low % of C ,12 Cr steels are stainless steels . (if heated at 500-600 c with medium carbon %,corrosion resistance is reduced drastically because of Cr depletion at grain boundaries, => Weld-Decay near the weld point). (Heat to1000 deg C & quench, is the solution. Or if C is reduced and add Mo,V,W to solve it. High Cr with Ni provides high corrosion resistance at high temp.)

42 Generally used in combination with Ni,Cr.It enters into ferrite,improves weldability &corrosion resistance. Strong affinity to Carbides Cheaper substitute for W In HSS it improves high temp. strength and resistance to scaling. Inhibits grain growth . Austenizing temp. improves. Creep property , toughness hardenability improves. In small quantity reduces the tendency of temper embrittlement.

96Mo

2622C

23 Even a small amount has marked effect. Cleaner steel ( by de oxidation) Grain refiner Wear resistance and hardenability improves. With Cr, it increases strength,fatigue property, toughness. Stabilization of austenitic Solid Solution. Intergranular corrosion, deficiency of Cr is overcome by addition of Nb,Ti. These elements help in retention of Cr in steels.

51V

1726C

59Ni

28

1453C

It is not a carbide former. Lowers austenizing temp. 0.5-5% low and medium alloy steels.strengthens ferrite Hardenability increases. Grain refiner. Hardness ,YS,UTS increase, but no loss of ductility, . Impact strength improves. Fatigue strength improves. High Ni and Cr. Austenite retained at room temp. Corrosion resistance Scaling resistance improves greatly. With higher % of Ni heat resistance improves. >> At 370C embrittlement.

184W 3380C 74
1-20% in combination with Cr+V. Mo is also invariably used . Carbides formation , combines with Ferrite as well. Eutectoid C content reduces. Austenizing temp. improves. >> Hardenability improves. >> Resists tempering. Red hardness property increases. YS, UTS improves.> >

91Zr 1860C 40
It is a very very strong de oxidizer, a denitriding & desulphurization agent. Hence, it prevents red shortness.
A very strong carbide former. It restricts austenite zone. It improves the life of heating conductors

59Co

27

1492C

Not a carbides former. Inhibits grain growth at high temp. Pronounced effect of retention of strength because of temper-retention. Magnetic field intensity increases, so,used in permanent magnets. For its strength and resistance to scaling at high temperature, it is used in cutting tools and forming tools working at elevated temp.

Terms Used
Austenite Pearlite Cementite Martensite Sorbite Ferrite Carbide Killed steel Rimmed steel Embrittlement in steel THANKS. Vivek Chakravarty