Elementary Mechanics of Fluids

CE 351
Majed Abu-Zreig
Pressure
Shear Forces Normal Forces
(pressure)
where F is a force normal to area A
Absolute Pressure, Gage Pressure, and Vacuum
Figure 3.3 (p. 34)
Example of pressure
relations
Pressure in a vacuum is p = 0.
Absolute pressure is referenced to perfect vacuum.
Gage pressure is referenced to another pressure, typically
atmospheric pressure (most gages measure relative pressures).
Pressure
Pressure is scalar quantity
Fluid at rest can not
support shear stress
Normal stress on any plane
is pressure (+ for
compression)
It acts normal to the surface
and all direction
x n n x x
p p l y p l y p F
direction X
= A A A A = =

o o sin sin 0
Z - direction
Divide through by to get
Now shrink the element to a point:
This can be done for any orientation o, so
Pressure transmission (pascals law)
In a closed system a pressure change produced at one point in
the system will be transmitted throughout the entire system

Hydraulic jack system


EXAMPLE 3.1 LOAD LIFTED BY A HYDRAULIC JACK
A hydraulic jack has the dimensions shown. If one exerts a force F of 100 N
on the handle of the jack, what load, F2, can the jack support?
Neglect lifter weight.
Solution
1. Moment equilibrium


2. Force equilibrium (small piston)
Thus

3. Force equilibrium (lifter)
Note that p1 = p2 because they are at the same elevation (this fact will be established in the next
section).



Apply force equilibrium:




Pressure Variation with Elevation
Static fluid pressure
varies only with
elevation in the fluid.
o sin ) (
0
l A A p p A p
F F F
F
weight right left
l
A A A A + A =
=
=

dl
dz
dl
dp
l
z
l
p
o =
A
A
= =
A
A
or sin
=
dz
dp
Pressure Variation with Elevation
If is a constant
=
dz
dp
z p
z z p p
dz dp
z
z
p
p
A = A
=
=
} }

) (
1 2 1 2
2
1
2
1
head) ic (piezometr constant = + = z
p
h

z = 0
1
2
z = z
1
, p = p
1
z = z
2
, p = p
2
z p A = A
2
2
1
1
z
p
z
p
+ = +

Elevation head
Pressure head
Piezometric head
Piezometric Head
z = 0
1
2
1
z

1
p
/
2
p
2
z
constant = + z
p

Open Tank
Piezometric Head
Pressurized Tank
z = 0
3
1
z

1
p
2
z
constant = + z
p

3
z

2
p

3
p
2
1
Example (3.6)
Tank contins fluid with
A
>
B
Which graph depicts the correct pressure distribution?
Hydrostatic Paradox
Example
Leaking Storage Tank
Water has seeped in to the depth shown
Find: Pressure at gas-water interface, pressure at bottom of tank
Assume: Fluids are at rest
water
Gasoline
SG=0.68
17 ft
3 ft
0
1
2
b
b
a
a
z
p
z
p
+ = +

psi ft lbf p
p
z z SG p p
w
01 . 5 144 / 721
) 3 20 )( 4 . 62 )( 68 . 0 ( 0
) (
2
1
1
1 0 1 0
= =
=
=
psi ft lbf p
p
z z p p
z z p p
w
w
31 . 6 144 / 908
) 0 3 )( 4 . 62 ( 721
) (
) (
2
2
2
2 1 1 2
2 1 2 1
= =
+ =
+ =
=

Pressure transmission (pascals law)

In a closed system a pressure change produced at one point in the system
will be transmitted throughout the entire system What is maximum force F
2

that can be supported?
Problem (3.13)


2
2
2 1
1
1
2 1 1 2
2 1 2 1
1
/ 500 , 142
) 2 0 )( 9810 )( 85 . 0 (
) 04 . 0 (
4
200
) (
) (
) (
200
m N
z z SG
A
F
z z p p
z z p p
N F
w
oil
oil
=
+ =
+ =
+ =
=
=
t

N F
A p F
119 , 1
) 1 . 0 )(
4
( 500 , 142
2
2
2 2 2
=
= =
t
Compressible Fluids (i.e Gases)
Density is nearly proportional to pressure
constant and but = = = g
dz
dp
For perfect gasses
g
RT
p
dz
dp
RT
p
RT p = = =
Need to know T = T(z)
Constant (Isothermal):
Linear:
.
0
const T T = =
) (
0 0
z z T T = o
Compressible Fluids
Assume linear and integrate
}

=
}
z
z
p
p
z z T
dz
R
g
p
dp
0 0
) (
0 0
o
R
g
T
z z T
p z p
o
o
(

=
0
0 0
0
) (
) (
Assume constant and integrate
}
=
}
z
z
p
p
dz
RT
g
p
dp
0 0
0
0
0
) (
0
) (
RT
z z g
e p z p

=
Temperature variation with altitude
for the U.S. standard atmosphere