SOAP AND DETERGENT

The cleansing action for soaps and detergent results from their ability;
to lower the surface tension of water, to emulsify oil or grease / dirt, and

to hold them in suspension in water.

This ability is due to the structure of soaps and detergent

Structure of soaps Soap consists of sodium/potassium cations and soap anions. When a sodium/potassium soap is dissolve in water, it will form soap anions and sodium ion, Na+ or potassium ion, K+ Sodium soap soap anions + sodium cations [Na+] Potassium soap soap anions + potassium cations [K+] What is soap anions?
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C O

Hydrophobic [hydrocarbon chains]

Hydrophilic [carboxilate group] COO

Soap anions

From the diagram above shows that the structure of soap anions consists of, hydrocarbon chains known as hydrophobic part carboxylate/ionic group known as hydrophilic part

Structure of detergent Detergent of sodium cations and detergent anions. When a detergent is dissolve in water, it will form detergent anions and sodium ion, Na+. What is detergent anions? i) Sodium alkyl sulphate detergent
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

O OSO Na+ O

Hydrophobic [hydrocarbon/alkyl chains]

Hydrophilic [sulphate ions] OSO3

Alkyl sulphate ion

From the diagram above shows that the structure of alkyl sulphate anions consists of, i. hydrocarbon/alkyl chains known as hydrophobic part ii. sulphate/ionic group known as hydrophilic part

i) Sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate detergent

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

Hydrophobic [hydrocarbon/alkyl benzene chains]

O SO Na+ O Hydrophilic [sulphonate ions] SO3

Alkylbenzene sulphonate anios

From the diagram above shows that the structure of alkyl benzene sulphonate anions consists of, hydrocarbon/alkyl benzene chains known as hydrophobic part sulphonate/ionic group known as hydrophilic part Remember this; In water, soap and detergent dissolves to form soap anions and detergent anions. The anions will carry out the cleansing action, because these anions consists of hydrophobic and hydrophilic part. Why? Hydrophobic is water-hating part, is soluble in oil/grease/dirt, but insoluble in water. Hydrophilic is water-loving part, is soluble in water but insoluble in oil/grease/dirt. Both of the properties of anions, makes soap and detergent act as an effective cleansing agent.

How soap and detergent carry out the cleansing action?

+

Sodium ion Soap/detergent ion Grease/dirt

Dirt cloth
- The cloth is dipped in a soap or detergent solutions. - Soap and detergent reduces the surface tension of water. - This increase the wetting ability of water, therefore the surface of the cloth is wetted thoroughly.
+ + + + + + +

Hydrophilic part
+

Hydrophob icpart

- Hydrophilic part dissolves in water. - Hydrophobic part dissolves in dirt/grease.

+ +

- Mechanical agitation during scrubbing helps pull the dirt/grease free, and break the grease into small part.
+ + + + +

+
+

- The droplets do not coagulate and redeposit on the surface of the cloth because the repulsion between the negative charges on their surface. - The droplets is suspended in the water forming an emulsion. - Rinsing washes away these droplets and leaves the surface clean.

The effectiveness action of soap and detergent Advantages of soap Soap are effective cleaning agent in soft water. - Soft water did not contains Mg2+ ions and Ca2+ ions. - Example: rain water, tap water Soap does not polluted the environment. - Soap is biodegradable (can be decomposed by bacteria) because it was made from substance that found in animal and plant. Soap will not harmed the aquatic life. - Soap will not change pH value of river and pool because soap is salt and weak alkali.

Disadvantage of soap 1. Soap is not suitable for use in hard water. 1.Hard water contains Mg2+ ions and Ca2+ ions. 2.Example: Sea water, river water Why not suitable? 1.Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions react with the soap ions to form an insoluble precipitate known as soap scum. 2.Soap scum reduces the amount of soap available for cleaning, thus wasting soap. 3.Soap scum does not rinse away easily. 4.Soap scum can form deposits on clothes causing them to be grey or yellow in colour.

2. Soap did not effective in acidic water. - Soap ion react with ion H+ to produce carboxylic acid molecule.

Advantage of detergent Detergent is effective in hard and soft water. 1.Detergent do not form scum with hard water. 2.Detergent form soluble substances with calcium or magnesium ions. Detergent effective in acidic water - Detergent ion did not combine with H+ . Detergent is synthetic cleansing agent. - Structure of the hydrocarbon chain can be modified to produce detergents with specific properties.

Disadvantage of detergent
Detergent can cause pollution to environment 1. Detergents not biodegradable, so that it cannot be decomposed by bacteria Detergent harmed to aquatic life 2. Detergent contains phosphate fertilizer will increases the growth of seaweed and algae in pond or river. Lots of soluble oxygen in water will be use up by bacteria to decompose seaweed and algae when the plant died. 3. The content of oxygen in water decreases, thus can kill aquatic life. Detergent produce a lot of foam. 4. Foam can cover the water surface and prevent the oxygen dissolves into water, thus will kill aquatic life.

Additives in detergent

The main substance in detergent is sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate and sodium alkyl sulphate. Example of detergent is shampoo, clothes washing powder and dishes washing liquid. Various type of additive is also added to detergent to enhance the cleaning efficiency and to meet the needs of consumers.
additives Function

Whitening agent (sodium perborate)

Biological enzymes (amilase, lipase, protease, selulase)

React as bleach agent to vanished the colour stain but did not fade the colour of the clothes.
React to substance that in organic properties like blood, food and water. Enzymes dissolve and change it to substance that can dissolve in water.

Fluorescent agent (Blancophor) Buildup agent (sodium tripoliphosphate)

Drying agent (sodium sulphate, Sodium silicate) Stabilizers Perfumes Antiseptic substance

Make the clothes more white, shiny and bright.

Soften hard water, expel ion Mg2+ dan Ca2+ . increase the pH value Ensured that the detergent is always in a dry condition. To prevent the formation of foam To make clothes smell fresh and clean. To kill all microorganism that cause disease and smell.

FOOD ADDITIVES

WHAT IS FOOD PRESERVATIVE

= A natural or synthetic substance which is added to food to prevent spoilage.

TYPES OF FOOD ADDITIVES

Food additves that are commonly used are -Preservative

-Flavouring -Stabilisers

-Thickeners - Dyes

- Antioxidants

PRESERVATIVES

Substances added to food to slow down the growth of microorganism.

PRESERVATIVE Salt EXAMPLE Salted fish

HOW IT WORKS
Salt or sugar draws the water out of the cells of mocroorganisms and retard the growth of microorganism Provide an acidic condition that inhibits the growth of microorganism These preservative slow down the growth of microorganism

Sugar Vinegar

Jam Pickled mango

Sodium nitrate or sodium nitrate

Burger, sausage and luncheon meat Oyster sauce, tomato sauce, chilli sauce and fruit juice Fruit juice

Benzoic acid or sodium benzoate

Sulphur dioxide

SIDE EFFECTS OF PRESERVATIVE

i.

Sodium nitrate is added to meat to preserve and to stabilise its red colour. However, sodium nitrate can cause stomach cancer. During cooking, the nitrites produce nitrosamines, which are carcinogenic. Eating too much food preserved with salt as salted fish increases the risk of high blood pressure, heart attack and stroke. Eating too much food preserved with sugar can cause obesity, tooth decay and diabetes. Sulphur dioxide may cause asthma and allergies in certain people who are sensitive to this additive.

ii.

iii.

iv.

ANTIOXIDANTS

Food containing fats and oils can turn rancid, that is, the fats and oils are oxidised to become unpleasant-smelling acids, on exposure to the air Antioxidants are added to prevent oxidation that causes rancid fats and brown fruits.
EXAMPLE Margarine FUNCTION To retard rancidity in oils

ANTIOXIDANT Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) Fruit juice Alpha tocopherol (vitamin E) Sodium citrate Vegetables oil Cooked cured meat

To preserve the colour of fruit juices. To retard rancidity in oils To stop fats from turning rancid

SIDE EFFECT OF ANTIOXIDANT

The use of BHA and BHT has been controversial as it has produced adverse reactions in dogs. Thus,, there is a restriction on the amount of this antioxidant used.

Vitamins C and E are among the safest antioxidants known. (i) Vitamin C inhibits the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines, stimulates the immune system and protects against chromosomes breakage. (ii) Vitamin E neutralises free radical compound before they can damage cell membranes and helps to reduce the risk of heart disease and cancer.

FLAVOURINGS

Used to improve the taste of food and restore taste loss due to processing. Eg : sugar, salt, vinegar, monosodium glutamate (MSG)
EXAMPLE Frozen food, spice mixes, canned and dry soups, salad dressings and meat or fish-based products. Diet drinks, low calorie frozen desserts and some soft drinks. FUNCTION To bring out the flavour in many types of food.

FLAVOURING Monosudium glumate (MSG) It is the sodium salt of glutamic acid.

Aspartame It is a non-sugar sweetener It is approximately 200 times sweeter than sugar. It is stable when dry or frozen but it breaks down and loses its sweetness over time when stored in liquids at temperature above 30

To sweeten food.

FLAVOURING Synthetic essence It contains compounds belonging to the homologous series of esters It is cheaper to use these artificial flavours than to use real fruits.

EXAMPLE Pentyl ethanoate (banana flavour), ethyl butanoate ( pineapple flavour), methyl butanoate (apple flavour), And octyl ethanoate ( orange flavour )

FUNCTION To produce artificial flavours which resemble natural flavours.

SIDE EFFECT Research has showed that some flavourings may have an effect on some children, but the case is far from proven. However, we at the House of Flavours always ensure that we keep abreast of the latest research and news, which in turn relieves our customers of this responsibility.

STABILISERS Many food are actually emulsions. Emulsions are either oil droplets suspended in water or water droplets suspended in oil. Stabilisers = Help to prevent an emulsion from separating out. = Used in food which contain oil and water.(butter,ice cream,mayonnise) Example of stabilisers are licithin, mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids.

THICKENERS

Used to thicken food. Acacia gum act as a thickener as well as a stabilisers.

THICKENER Modified starch Pectin Acacia gum Gelatine Xanthan gum EXAMPLES Instant soups and puddings Jam Chewing gum, jelly and wine Yogurt Sauce, salad dressing

DYES
= Used to add or restore the colour in food to enhance its visual appeal and to match consumers expectations = Usually used because more uniform,less expensive and have brighter colours than natural dyes.

Many food dyes are azo compounds or triphenyl compounds. Azo dyes such as red, orange and yellow whereas triphenyl dyes such as blue and green
SIDE EFFECT Norway banned all products containing coal tar and coal tar derivatives in 1978. New legislation lifted this ban in 2001 after EU regulations. As such, many FD&C approved colorings have been banned. Tartrazine causes hives in less than 0.01% of those exposed to it. Erythrosine is linked to thyroid tumors in rats. Cochineal, also known as carmine, is derived from insects and therefore is not vegan, vegetarian or kosher. It has also been known to cause severe, even life-threatening, allergic reactions in rare cases.

MEDICINE

Used to prevent and cure a disease and relieve pain. Can be classified into traditional and modern medicine

TRADITIONAL MEDICINE - Derived from plants or animals - Plants aloe vera = to treat skin wound - Animals Sea cucumber (gamat) = to treat Japanese encephalitis and hole in the heart SIDE EFFECT i. Traditional medicine are usually not processed ii. Any medicinal plant containing alkaloid is potentially toxic to the liver. iii. More research on the toxic and adverse effects of traditional medicines should be carried out in order to ensure the safety of these medicines to the public

MODERN MEDICINE
Come in many forms such as liquids,powders,capsul and tablet Many types of modern medicine include analgesics, antibiotics and psychotherapeutic medicines

ANALGESICS = Used to relieve pain without causing numbness or affecting consciousness. = Do not treat the cause of pain but merely provide enough relief to the patients to allow them to carry out their daily routines.

(I) ASPIRIN

Used for pain relief, particularly where inflammation involved, such as asarthritic & dental pain Is acidic in nature The active ingredient is acetylsalicylic acid Side effect = causes internal bleeding & ulceration = Brain and liver damage if given to children with flu or chicken pox (II) PARACETAMOL

To relieve mild to moderate pain (headache, muscle and joint pain) Can be given to children as it does not irritate the stomach. Side effect = skin rashes, blood disorder and acute inflammation of the pancreas = An overdose can cause liver damage. (III) CODEINE

In headache tablets and cough medicines Side effect = most of it synthesised from morphine. = may cause drowsiness when it is taken. = may lead to addiction, depression and naausea

ANTIBIOTIC
= Used to kill or slow down the growth of bacteria = To treat infections caused by bacteria. It will not cure infection caused by virus = Obtained from microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. (I) PENICILLIN

Most widely used antibiotics Is extracted from the fungus, Penicillium notatum Used to cure bacterial disease such as tuberculosis (TB) and pneumonia. Produced by soil bacteria of the genus Streptomyces It is used to treat tuberculosis,whooping cough and some forms of pneumonia.

(II) STREPTOMYCIN

Both antibiotics can be broken down by the acid in the stomach. So, it usually given
by injection. The patient should take the full course even if he feels better. This is to make sure that all the bacteria are killed. Otherwise, he may become ill again and the bacteria may become more resistant to the antibiotic.

SIDE EFFECT OF ANTIBIOTICS ARE :

Headache Allergic reaction Diarrhoea

PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC MEDICINE
Used to alter abnormal thinking, feelings or behaviors

These medicines do not cure mental illness. But, they can reduce many of the symptoms of mental illness. Psychotherapeutic medicines are divided into stimulant, antidepressant and antipsychotic.

PSYCHOTHE -RAPEUTIC MEDICINE Stimulant

FUNCTION

EXAMPLE

SIDE EFFECT

To reduce fatigue and elevate mood

Methylphenidate, dextroamphetamin e, amphetamine

A high dose over long periods can lead to anxiety, hallucinations, severe depression, or physical and mental dependance Cause drowsiness, poor coordination or lightheadache. If overdose can lead to respiratory difficulties sleeplessness, coma and death Antipsychotic medicines cause drowsiness, rapid heartbeats and dizziness.

Antidepressant

To reduce tension and anxiety

Tranquillisers

Antipsychotic

To treat psychiatric illness such as schizophrenia

Chlorpromazine, haloperidol and clozapine