Nanotechnology in Modern Medicine

Dr.M.Kannan, M.Sc., M.Phil.,Ph.D., Assist. Prof. in Microbiology, V.H.N.S.N.College, Virudhunagar 626 001

What is Nano Technology? Control and manipulation of Matter At Nanometer dimensions. What is nanometer dimension: Particles at Nano scale size (ie)10-9 Meter (or) ONE Billionth of a meter

When Nano particles are engineered For biological purpose we get Nanobiotechnology.

Nano Scale

ALL LIVING AND NON LIVING MATTER IS COMPOSED OF NANOPARTICLES

Nano Technology GK word: Dwarf Domain: 1nm-100nm Covers Nanoparticles

FUSION OF

Chemistry Physics Biology Proteomics technology Bio Technology

Mathematics Cognitive science Genomics Information

Nanosciene
Deals with manipulation of atoms using powerful Instruments
Nano particles Are prepared by

Top Down Process

Nano
Large material

Bottom Up Process

Arranging Atom by Atom

NANOPARTCILES AT A GLANCE
Nanotubes Formed by curling of Carbon molecule Clay nanotubes ---CHRISTOLITE, IMOGOLITE Tunston Nanotubes FULLERENES ---- Allotropic form of carbon molecule 60,80 carbon atoms arranged in hexagons or pentagons like the cage like the designed by 20th Century American architect Buckminister fuller so this particles are called fullerenes

Nanotechnologies Used in Both Research and Commercial Applications

Nanotechnologies Used in MEDICIN

Cantilever sensors
Chemical vapors at very low

concentrations can be detected based on the surface stress changes generated by the interactions between probe and target molecules on their surfaces
The magnitude of the surface stress change depends on the type of interaction taking place which includes Hydrogen bonding Electrostatic, van der Waals forces, etc.

Medical telesensor"
Chip on a fingertip measures and transmits body temperature

Microcantilevers
Adapted to detect physical, chemical, or biological activity

Laser fluorescence diagnosis

Biosensor uses sophisticated technology to detect a specific trait or abnormality in a living organism Sensor indicates whether a tumor is cancerous or benign

Bioreporters

Simpson and Gary Sayler developed

Critters on a chip" in which bioluminescent bacteria signal the presence of pollutants.

Miniaturized Devices
The infrared microspectrometer can be used for
blood chemistry analysis, gasoline octane analysis, environmental monitoring, industrial process control, aircraft corrosion monitoring, and detection of chemical warfare agents

Biosensors and Nanosensors

Functional similarities and technical differences of natural and artificial (Manmade) Noses Odour Analysis with components of human nose Odorant molecules produce ionic or electronic signals through the action of receptors in a membrane (or of sensor/transducer units)

The signals determine the components of a feature vector and are subsequently evaluated by means of pattern recognition in the brain

Electronic Nose
General structure of a chemical sensor

Three figures of merit related to gas sensing technology: Reversibility Sensitivity Selectivity

Antimicrotial action of nanoparticles e.g.. silver,Gold. Antimicrobial Action Kill bacteria, virus, moulds Kill 100% of HIV and other viruses at 370C/3 hrs. silver Nanoparticles Silver Nanocloths Sterile to wear At hospital To avoid. S.aureus Nosocomial Infections Incorporated to Athletic shoes Brooms Plastic products Cleaners Nylon products Fridge Shoes Medical equipment Water filters.

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN HEALTH CARE

NANOMEDICINE
DISEASES CONTROL THROUGH DIAGNOSIS, MONITORING AND TREATMENT Detailed Roles
1. DRUG AND GENE DELIVERY 2. BIO DETECTION OF PATHOGENS- DIAGNOSIS 3. IMAGING- MRI CONTRAST 4. DETECTION OF PROTEIN 5.PROBING OF DNA STRUCTURE 6.TUMOUR DESTRUCTION 7. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION OF BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES AND CELL 8. TISSUE ENGINEERING 9. THERAPEUTIC ROLE

Health Care: Nerve Tissue Talking to Computers

Neuro-electronic networks interface nerve cells with semiconductors
Possible applications in brain research, neurocomputation, prosthetics, biosensors

Snail neuron grown on a chip that records the neurons activity

 Quantum dots glow in UV light

Health Care: Detecting Diseases Earlier

Injected in mice, collect in tumors Could locate as few as 10 to 100 cancer cells

Quantum Dots: Nanometer-sized crystals that contain free electrons and emit photons when submitted to UV light Early tumor detection, studied in mice

Health Care: Growing Tissue to Repair Hearts

Nanofibers help heart muscle grow in the lab
Filaments instruct muscle to grow in orderly way Before that, fibers grew in random directions

Health Care: Preventing Viruses from Infecting Us Nanocoatings over proteins on viruses
Could stop viruses from binding to cells Never get another cold or flu?

Gold tethered to the protein shell of a virus

Influenza virus: Note proteins on outside that bind to cells

NANOPARTICULATE DRUGS
Elan-NanoSystems technology reduces the particle size of a poorly water soluble drug from a several micron particle size to a 50+ nanometer size
Reduction in particle size results in an increase in surface area

Background Regarding Nanoparticulate Drugs

Increased active agent surface area results in a faster dissolution of the active agent in an aqueous environment, such as the human body Faster dissolution generally equates with greater bioavailability, smaller drug doses, less toxicity, and other benefits

NanoCrystals Increase Surface Area

Exemplary Benefits of Nanoparticulate Drugs

Increased bioavailability Faster onset of action Dose uniformity Reduction in fed/fasted variability Decreased toxicity Smaller dosage form (i.e., smaller tablet) Stable dosage forms of drugs which are either unstable or have unacceptably low bioavailability in non-nanoparticulate dosage forms

Examples of Nanotechnologies with Potential Cancer Prevention Applications

CANCER DETECTION WITH NANOSCALE CANTILEVERS

Nano wires detect multiple biomarkers of cancer

Nanorobots
The powering of the nanorobots can be done by metabolizing local glucose and oxygen for energy Other sources of energy within the body can also be used to supply the necessary energy for the devices They will have simple onboard computers capable of performing around 1000 or fewer computations per second.

A microscopic machine roaming through the bloodstream, injecting or taking samples for identification and determining the concentrations of different compounds"

A single inhaled nanorobot reaches, deeply inspired into the lungs, enters an alveolar duct and attaches to the tissue surface.

Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine

Nanoprobe can be made to generate radiation, that could kill bacteria, viruses and cancer cells Nanoprobe comprising of a single caged actinium-225 atom would detect (using antibodies) and enter a cancerous cell Location and destruction of cancer cells by acoustic signals

Normal cells

Cancer cells

COMPARISON OF NORMAL AND CANCEROUS CELLS IN RESPIRATORY AIRWAY OF THE LUNG

Cancer cell

Lethal holes

A CYTOTOXIC T CELL DESTROYING A CANCER CELL

Cytotoxic T cell

Mechanica l drilling of a small tumor mass by a nanorobot

Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine

Nanotechnology also theoretically allows the mimicking of natural biological processes e.g., repair of damaged tissues Using nanotech to build scaffoldings of artificial molecules that bone cells often adhere to and grow bones on Broken bones would heal much faster. Transport of oxygen within the body by creating an artificial red blood cell

A simulated view of a blood sample that might be taken from some future trauma patient who has received approximately seven therapeutic respirocyte doses at an accident scene. Each single respirocyte in the scene can control nearly the same amount of available oxygen as all eight red cells present in the scene, combined.

Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine

To cure skin diseases, a cream containing nanorobots may be used it may: - Remove the right amount of dead skin - Remove excess oils - Add missing oils - Apply the right amounts of natural moisturising compounds - Achieve the elusive goal of 'deep pore cleaning' by actually reaching down into pores and cleaning them out.

Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine

A mouthwash full of smart nanomachines could identify and destroy pathogenic bacteria while allowing the harmless flora of the mouth to flourish in a healthy ecosystem

Dental Robots

Four remote-controlled nanorobots examine and clean the subocclusal surfaces of a patient's teeth, near the gumline.

Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine

Medical nanodevices could augment the immune system by finding and disabling unwanted bacteria and viruses.

Virus Finder

Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine

Devices working in the bloodstream could nibble away at atherosclerotic deposits, widening the affected blood vessels. This would prevent most heart attacks

A NANOROBOT NIBBLING ON AN ATHEROSCLEROTIC DEPOSIT IN A BLOOD VESSEL

DNA Repair

Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine

Emergency Management:
The clottocyte concept Clot-inducing medical nanorobots with fullydeployed netting capable of embedding growing clot with red cells and fibrin strands

CLOT-INDUCING MEDICAL NANOROBOTS ARE SHOWN IN VARIOUS STAGES OF CLOT-NETTING DEPLOYMENT.

AN ARRAY OF NINE CLOT-INDUCING MEDICAL NANOROBOTS ARE SHOWN WITH THEIR CLOT-NETTING FULLY DEPLOYED AND INTERLACED.

MEDICAL NANOROBOTS WITH FULLY DEPLOYED NETTING ARE SHOWN EMBEDDED IN A PATCHLIKE GROWING CLOT WITH RED CELLS AND FIBRIN STRANDS INVOLVED.

CLOT-INDUCING MEDICAL NANOROBOTS WITH FULLY-DEPLOYED NETTING ARE SHOWN EMBEDDED IN A PATCHLIKE GROWING CLOT WITH RED CELLS AND FIBRIN STRANDS INVOLVED (A CLOSER LOOK)

A REAL LIFE PICTUER OF ERYTHROCYTES TRAPPED IN THE FIBRIN MESHWORK OF A CLOT

Stinger" nanorobot grabs a sick T lymphocyte and injects a glucocortico id designed to induce cellular apoptosis.

The blue, octopus-like nanobot is one of billions of brain cell enhancers. The central sphere houses a computer, with a storehouse of information equal to many large libraries

Summary: Science at the Nanoscale

An emerging, interdisciplinary science Integrates chemistry, physics, biology, materials engineering, earth science, and computer science The power to collect data and manipulate particles at such a tiny scale will lead to New areas of research and technology design Better understanding of matter and interactions New ways to tackle important problems in healthcare, energy, the environment, and technology A few practical applications now, but most are years or decades away

DISCUSSION

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