HYDROCOLLOIDS

- Joel Koshy Joseph

TOPICS TAKEN:
Colloidal solution Gelation Syneresis Imbibition Composition of Agar and alginates

For recording details of edentulous areas rigid impression materials are used. But for the areas of teeth where sever undercuts are present such rigid impression materials cant be used. Here such materials must be used which could record the details and at the same time not fracture or distort form its original shape. So ELASTIC IMPRESSION materials are used.

TYPES OF ELASTIC IMPRESSION MATERIALS

Hydrocolloids Elastomeric materials

Colloids are often classified as the fourth state of matter, the colloidal state. Such solutions contains two phases: 1. Dispersion medium 2. Dispersed particles

Our colloidal solution is somewhere in between the extremes of the very small molecules in solution and the very large particles in the suspension.

In the colloid the particles in the dispersed phase consist of molecules held together either by primary bonds or secondary bonds. The sizes of the colloid particles ranges from 1 to 200 nm.

Colloids in its liquid like consistency is called sol. Whereas its semi-solid form is called gel. in gel state the dispersed phase agglomerates to form a brush heap structure. The dispersion medium is held in the interstices between the fibrils by capillary attraction or adhesion.

The hydrocolloids used are: Agar (reversible hydrocolloid) Alginate(irreversible hydrocolloid)

Gelation

Sol
Solation

Gel

In agar, the secondary bonds hold the fibrils together, such bonds breaks at elevated temperatures. We get the sol form again from the gel. So called reversible hydrocolloid. Whereas in alginates, strong primary bonds hold up the colloids or the particles. Such bonds doesnt break even at elevated temperatures. Thus called irreversible hydrocolloid.

The process of Gelation is different for Agar and alginate. For Agar, the process is temperature dependent. whereas its independent for alginate.

GELATION
ITS A PROCESS OF CONVERSION OF
TO A GEL
Gelation process for Agar: Agar initially is available in the form of a gel. This gel is converted to a Sol state by heating it.(Liquefaction). 70 C to 100 C. When desired consistency is obtained, with bearable temperature, the agar is poured onto the tray and loaded in the mouth. (Tempering) 37 C to 50 C The whole mixture is now set by allowing it to cool.(Gelation)

SOL

The colloids agglomerates with each other by forming secondary bonds like vanderwal bonds. Such bonds has very weak force of attraction, which broken up at elevated temperatures.

GELATION PROCESS IN ALGINATE

Here a chemical reaction takes place. The colloidal particles are present as the sol alginates. These include sodium and potassium alginates. These alginates react with calcium sulphate and form calcium alginate which is the gel.

Reaction: K2nAlg +n CaSO4 n K2SO4 + CanAlg The above reaction is very fast. With such rate of reaction, the operator would not get sufficient time to manipulate the impression. Thus a retarder is used to decrease the rate of reaction. And therefore we get an increased working time. The retarder used is sodium phosphate.

Reaction: 2Na3PO4 + 3CaSO4 Ca3(PO4)2 + 3Na2SO4 .C When sodium phosphate is added, this being more reactive than the Sol Alginate reacts with the calcium sulphate and form calcium phosphate and sodium sulphate. When all sodium phosphate has been used up then the remaining calcium sulphate reacts with the sol Alginate forming the gel that is cal alginate.

SYNERESIS
Like all the impression compounds hydrocolloids also face dimensional instability. this is because of the properties like Syneresis. The gel may loose water by evaporation from its surface or by exuding fluids on to the surface by the process known as Syneresis. The gel shrinks as the result of evaporation and Syneresis.

IMBIBITIONS Such alterations in the dimensions can be rectified by the process like imbibition. If a gel is place in the water, it absorbs water . Thus the altered dimensions can be rectified.

COMPOSITION:
Agar Hydrocolloid Agar- its an organic hydrophilic compound- 8-15% Water serves as the reaction medium- >80% Borax used for strength, retarder Potassium sulphate- accelerator Wax, diatomaceous earth, clay, rubber and inert powders- used to control the strength viscosity and rigidity. Thymol and glycerine- bactericidal agent and plasticizers Pigments and flavors- for the convenience of the patient

They are available in two forms: Syringe material - low viscosity Tray material- with comparatively higher viscosity

Alginate Chiefly consists of soluble alginates in the form of powder. - 15% Soluble alginate sodium, potassium, or triethanolamine alginate Water reaction medium CaSO4 Reactor - 16% ZnO filler particles - 4% Potassium titanium Fluoride accelerator- 3% Diatomaceous Earth filler particles - 60% Sodium Phosphate Retarder -2%

REFERENCE

Phillips


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