Database Technology (CS 744 )

Database Technology

Concepts for Object-oriented Databases

Outline
Part I: OO DB
Concepts for Object-oriented Databases Object database standard & languages and design Object relational and extended relational databases Overview of database types and database applications

Part II
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Outline(cont.)
Part II: Distributed Database System
Distributed DBMS Architecture Distributed Database Design Overview of Query Processing Query Decomposition and Data Localization Optimization of Distributed Queries

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Why OODB?
Traditional database models and systems has shortcomings to develop complex DB application. Complex database applications:
Geographic Information Systems, Multimedia (audio, image, video)

It demands:
longer duration transactions, data types for storing images or large textual items, define non-standard application specific operations.

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Introduction
Prerequisites are: Relational databases and SQL Object oriented programming

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Introduction
OODB
DBMS persistence Storage management concurrency recovery querying OOPL types & classes complex objects object identity encapsulation class hierarchy Polymorphism
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Introduction
Review of Object Oriented Programming Concepts Different object oriented database technologies

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Object Oriented PL Concepts

Classes and objects Object identity Inheritance and class hierarchies Aggregation Encapsulation Polymorphism (overriding & overloading )

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Classes and Objects

Similar objects form a class Class defines abstract behavior and abstract state
class Fraction { private: long Numerator; long Denominator; reduce(); public: Fraction (long n, long d) { Numerator = n; Denominator = d; reduce(); }

void print () { cout << Numerator << "/" << Denominator; }

}; // End of class definition

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Classes and Objects

In OOPL -Objects instead of Variables. Objects-User defined complex data types Object has two components:
state (value)- attribute as in RM. behavior (operations)- Manipulating Data.
Fraction f1 (3, 4); Fraction f2 (1, 7); f1.plus(f2); f1.print ();

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Objects
An object is described by four characteristics
Identifier: a system-wide unique id for an object Name: an object may also have a unique name in DB (optional) Lifetime: determines if the object is persistent or transient Structure: Construction of objects using type constructors

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Objects
The state (current value) of a complex object may be constructed from other objects (or other values) by using certain type constructors
Can be represented by (i,c,v) i is an unique id c is a type constructor v is the object state
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Objects
Constructors
Basic types: atom, tuple and set
atom- basic data types Set- a set of OIDs {i1 , i2, ..., in}, a tuple of the form <al:il, a2:i2, ..., an:in>,

Collection type: list, bag and array

List-ordered list [i1 , i2, ..., in] of OIDs of objects of the same type. Array-the state of the object is a single dimensional array of OIDs.

Same as list but bag can have duplicate elements.

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Example

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Objects
Complex objects:
01 = (i1 ,atom, 'Houston') O2 = (i2, atom, 'Bellaire') 03 = (i3, atom, 'Sugarland') 04 = (i4, atom, 5) 05 = (i5, atom, 'Research') 06 = (i6, atom, '1988-05-22') 07 = (i7, set, {i1, i2, i3}) 09 = (i9, tuple, <MANAGER:i12, MANAGER_START_DATE:i6)

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Classes and Objects

Objects in an OOPL - transient objects. Objects OODB - persistent objects.
the objects persist beyond program termination can be retrieved and shared by other programs.

A combination OODB with OOPL provides persistent and shared object capabilities. Object structure of arbitrary complexity allows necessary information that describes the object.

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Classes and Objects

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Object identity
In OOPL:
Each object gets a unique identifier: OID. OIDs need not be specified explicitly. This OID does not change during the whole lifetime of the object. (when the object's values change).

In OODB:
Used for objects (representation of real world object) not to lose their integrity and identity. as primary key in relational model
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Inheritance
class Point {private: int x, y; public: Point (int px = 0, int py = 0) {x=px; y=py;} move (int dx, int dy) {x+=dx; y+=dy;} int draw (); } subclass class Rectangle: public Point {private: int height, width; public: Rectangle (int x, int y, int height, int width); int draw (); } A rectangle class has attributes x, y, width and height. It allows to develop the data types of a system incrementally.
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OODB: Inheritance

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Possible state in relation Model

Author AuthorName Bday Publication Title year AuthorName

Article

Title

year

Bpage

Epage

ISBN

Book

Title

year

ISBN

Price

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Java implementation
public class Author { private long id; Private String name; Private Date birthday; privateSet<Publication> publications; Author() { } public Author(String name) {this.name = name; this.publications= new HashSet<Publication>();} ... }
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public class Publication { private String title; Private int year; Private List<Author> authors; Public Publication(String title) {this.title= title; this.authors= new ArrayList<Author>();} public String getTitle() {return this.title;} public void setTitle(String title) {this.title= title;} ... }
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Java implementation
public class Article extends Publication { private long Beginpage; private long Endpage; Article() { } ... } public class Book extends Publication { private float price; Book() { }

... }

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Multiple & Selective Inheritance

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Aggregation
Objects may consist of component objects
class Line { private: Point start, end; int linewidth; public: Line (int xs, int ys, int xe, int ye, int lw); int draw (); }

Line is an aggregation of initial point and endpoint(objects of Point class).

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Encapsulation- information hiding

Methods are functions belonging to a class. Object state is only modified through public methods. In OODB objects will have :
visible attribute - directly accesses by query. hidden attribute - accessed by predefined operations (update).

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Polymorphism
public class GeoObject { private String shape; float Area; Point ReferencePoint; public class Rectangle extends GeoObject { private float Width, Height; Rectangle() {Shape='rectangle' } Area(float W, float H) { Area=W*H;} ... }

... }

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Polymorphism
public class Triangle extends GeoObject { private float height, base; Triangle() {Shape=triangle' }
Area(float B, float H) { Area=.;}

public class Circle extends GeoObject { private float radius; Circle() {Shape=Circle' }
Area(float radus) { Area=.;}

... }

... }

Area implementation differ for each subtype of GEOMETRCOBJECT

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What is Object Oriented Database?

A database system that incorporates all the important object-oriented concepts Some additional features
Unique Object identifiers Persistent object handling

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Advantages of OODBS
Designer can specify the structure of objects and their behavior (methods) Better interaction with object-oriented languages such as Java and C++ Definition of complex and user-defined types Encapsulation of operations and user-defined methods
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Object Query Language (OQL)

Declarative query language Not computationally complete Syntax based on SQL (select, from, where) Additional flexibility (queries with user defined operators and types)

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Example of OQL query

The following is a sample query what are the names of the black product?
Select distinct p.name From products p Where p.color = black

Valid in both SQL and OQL, but results are different.

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Result of the query (SQL)

Original table
Product no P1 P2 P3 Name Ford Mustang Toyota Celica Mercedes SLK Color Black Green Black

Result

Name
Ford Mustang Mercedes SLK
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- The statement queries a relational database. => Returns a table with rows.
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Result of the query (OQL)

Original table
Product no P1 P2 P3 Name Ford Mustang Toyota Celica Mercedes SLK Color Black Green Black

Result String Ford Mustang String Mercedes SLK

- The statement queries a objectoriented database => Returns a collection of objects.

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DB with object and relational access

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Relational Databases
Data organised as tuples in relations. Link between data tuples.
primary and foreign keys

Relational model is very simple

only basic concepts references need to be simulated restricted type system no user-defined types

Lack of semantic modelling.

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Object-Relational Impedance Mismatch

Object-oriented application development and relational data management results in clash of two incompatible models. Code to map between models is considerable overhead, costly and hard to maintain
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OODB: object identity

Data represented as objects
object identity (unique ) attributes and methods references, relationships, associations

Extensible type hierarchy

user-defined types, abstract data types single or multiple inheritance overloading, overriding, late binding
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Abstract Data Types (ADT)

Abstract data types define the behavior of data, but hide the implementation. Classes are suitable to define ADTs. Example: Stack
stacks for integer numbers stacks for floating point numbers

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