Development of the U.S.

National HF Radar Network: Dual Use Current Mapping and Vessel Tracking Applications

Scott Glenn, Josh Kohut, Hugh Roarty. John Kerfoot, Ethan Handel, Mike Smith, & Colin Evans

Rutgers University - Coastal Ocean Observation Lab

Operations, Research & Education Center

Vessels Satellite
Satellite Ships/ Vessels CODAR Glider

REMUS Modeling Leadership

Data Vis. Security Education

Satellite Data Acquisition Stations

CODAR Network

Glider Fleet

3-D Forecasts

Norway: Convex Coastline

Mid-Atlantic Bight: Concave Coastline

Mid-Atlantic Bight HF Radar Network

1000 km Alongshore Length Scale

Mid-Atlantic HF Radar Network 14 Long-Range CODARs 7 Medium-Range CODARs 15 Short-Range CODARs 36 Total Triple Nested & Multistatic

Technology Development Road Map of HF Radar for SAR and Vessel Detection
Long Range
First long range system installed Ship detection program partnering with AMI CODAR develops enhanced blanking waveform for ship detection
NWRA applies SIFTER algorithm to CODAR data, SRI develops tracker for SIFTER output Mid Atlantic HF Radar Network becomes operational with US Coast Guard

National HF Radar Network become operational with US Coast Guard

CODAR patents GPS timing for frequency sharing

Bistatic spar buoy deployed 100 nmi off Atlantic City, NJ

Test Study of CODAR data into SAROPS

Medium Range

First system installed at Sandy Hook, NJ

DHS bistaic buoy deployed near Ambrose

DHS COE begins

Bisatatic transmitter installed at SeaSide, NJ for testing

SuperDirective system installed at Sandy Hook, NJ

Second shore station added as part of Navy LEAP program

Bistatic transmitter integrated with OPT PowerBuoy

Short Range

Initial test install off Atlantic City, NJ

Bistatic Buoy Installed off Atlantic City, NJ

Small Boat Program

Coordinated field exercise for DHS COE

HF Radar become operational with US Coast Guard

Permanent Install

System Relocated to NY Harbor for NSF CoOP Program

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Mid-Atlantic Bight Testbeds Long Range and Medium Range

5 MHz Testbed for Current Mapping

Both are Dual Use Both are Multistatic

13 MHz Testbed for Vessel Tracking

Transition Objective Operational Dual Use through (a) DHS SAROPS, (b) DoD Open Mongoose & (c) DoC PORTS Surface Currents

Vessel Detections

U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System

IOOS Relationships
Global Component Federal Backbone Global Ocean Observing System
Vessels Satellite
Satellite Ships/ Vessels REMUS Modeling Leadership CODA R Glider Data Vis. Securit y Education

Regional Component

11 Regional Associations

18 U.S. Federal Agencies

U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System

IOOS Relationships
Global Component

Regional Component

Global Ocean Observing System

Vessels Satellite
Satellite Ships/ Vessels CODA R Glider Data Vis. Education

MARACOOS

REMUS Modeling Leadership

11 Regional Associations

8 Universities in MARACOOS contribute to HF Radar Network

HFR Current Mapping Product Development Road Map for Search and Rescue
First Standard Range Codar deployed on East Coast near Atlantic City, NJ Long Range Network Shown to be Effective in Second Coast Guard SAROPS tool Mid Atlantic HF Radar Network Operational with US Coast Guard A Plan to Meet the Nations Surface Current Mapping Needs Implemented Radial and Total Sensitivity Study Undertaken to Provide Best Data to Environmental Data Server

Hurricane Floyd Simulation Predicts Factor of 4 Reduction in Search Area Using Field of Currents vs. Point Measurement Standard Range Network Proves to be Useful in Coast Guard Research and Development Pilot Study

MARCOOS Establishes First Regional High Frequency Radar Network

Optimal Interpolation Combination Method Effective in Filling Spatial Gaps in Mid Atlantic Tests

National HF Radar Network Operational with US Coast Guard

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Success Stories Making a Difference Optimizing HF Radar for SAR using USCG Surface Drifters

Art Allen U.S. Coast Guard Scott Glenn Rutgers University and the Mid-Atlantic Regional Coastal Ocean Observing System

CODAR
and

Date
22 July 2009 0000 Z 23 July 2009 0000 Z 24 July 2009 0000 Z 25 July 2009 0000 Z 26 July 2009 0000 Z

Time 00 24

HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model or (HYCOM)

High Confidence (HF Radar) sigma (1 std dev) = 0.22 knots Tau (half life) = 264 minutes Low Confidence (HYCOM) sigma (1 std dev) = 0.37 knots Tau (half life) = 264 minutes Number of particles = 5000 SLDMB 39029

Currents in SAROPS

48
72

96

24 Hours Into Search

HYCOM Low Confidence

CODAR High Confidence

48 Hours Into Search

HYCOM Low Confidence

CODAR High Confidence

72 Hours Into Search

HYCOM Low Confidence

CODAR High Confidence

96 Hours Into Search

HYCOM Low Confidence

CODAR High Confidence

Search Area After 96 Hours

154 km

100 km 232 km

123 km

HYCOM 36,000 km2

CODAR 12,000 km2

May 4, 2009: After a year of testing, NOAA Announces on U.S. Department of Commerce Website that MARACOOS CODAR is Operational in SAROPS
U.S. IOOS Goal for 2010-2011: Bring all sustained regional-scale HFR networks up to operational status in USCG SAROPS 3 West Coast Regions for California & Oregon

Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Coordinated Rapid Response

Contributed Assets:
CODAR Networks USF, USM,Rutgers Gliders iRobot, Mote, Rutgers, SIO, UDel, USF, Navy Drifters & Profilers Horizon Marine, Navy Satellite Imagery CSTARS, UDel, Rutgers Ocean Forecasts Navy, NCSU Data/Web Services ASA, Rutgers, SIO

Tropical Storm Bonnie crosses the Gulf of Mexico

USM CODAR TS Bonnie

USF CODAR

USM CODAR validation of SABGOM Forecast in region with satellite detected oil slicks

CODAR used for Oil Slick Forecasts by NOAA/NOS/OR&R

Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Response: Near Field Environmental Analyses

July 3 June 29

July 4

July 7

Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Response: Approach to West Florida Shelf

June 3

June 4

Deepwater Horizon Response: East Coast Assessments of Risk

July, 2009 July 6

August, 2009

September, 2009

From Page 10: Also in support of oil spill response, NOAA requests a $5.0 million increase to implement the U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) Surface Current Mapping Plan using high frequency (HF) radar surface current measurements. HF radar provides information vital to oil spill response, national defense, homeland security, search and rescue operations, safe marine transportation, water quality and pollutant tracking, and harmful algal bloom forecasting. www.legislative.noaa.gov/Testimony/Lubchenco033111.pdf

Development of a U.S. National HF Radar Network

1990s Local Science Applications Since 2000 Since 2004 Since 2007

International Coordination
Annual Radiowave Oceanography Workshop (ROW) -HF Radar Developers -Ocean Scientists

Societal Products

National Coordination

Oregon

New Jersey

Technical Expertise

Regional Implementation

California Florida Coordination Meeting 1999

U.S. National HF Radar Network

Data Flow Since 2007

2004 Plan

Real Time Data

U.S. National HF Radar Network ~$5 M start up in 2012 ~$20 M annual upgrade/operating cost The United States has been working many years to transition its HF radar network to an operational system and has succeeded in moving from individual radars, to clusters of radars to a comprehensive national network tied together through a common data architecture, set of practices and a national plan. - U.S. IOOS

Global Earth Observing System of Systems Group on Earth Observations (GEO) Work Plan 2012-2015 Promote rapid development of a global high frequency radar network to measure coastal surface currents. First Global HF Radar Meeting on March 13, 2012 in London.

U.S. National HF Radar Network

Table 4: Full 5-Year Buildout. Estimated costs for new HFRs and to maintain existing HFRs.

Technician fully encumbered salary is estimated at $130,000;

Purchase and deployment for DF HFRs, LPA HFRs are $160,000 and $300,000, respectively.
Two technicians for each 7 DF HFRs, 4 LPA HFRs, respectively.

http://ioos.gov/hfradar/

Dania Beach 4 LPA HFRs cover 2 Segments of Coast Virginia Key Crandon Park

Key Largo

Acquisition & Installation and Annual Technician Support cost estimates based on the U.S. National HF Radar Network design parameters.

HFR Network Design Example: 1000 km / ( 75 km/segment ) = 13 Segments of Coast

Segment Color Key Red > 90 km 90 km > Orange > 70 km 70 km > Green

Acquisition & Installation and Annual Technician Support cost estimates based on the U.S. National HF Radar Network design parameters.

DF HFR Cost Estimates 13 Segments = 14 DF HFRs. Acquisition & Installation = 14 HFRs * $160 K = $2,240 K.

Number of Technicians = 14 HFRs * (2/7) = 4 Technicians.

Annual Technician Support = 4 Techs * $130 K = $520 K/Year

HFR Network Design Example: 1000 km / ( 75 km/segment ) = 13 Segments of Coast

Segment Color Key Red > 90 km 90 km > Orange > 70 km 70 km > Green

Acquisition & Installation and Annual Technician Support cost estimates based on the U.S. National HF Radar Network design parameters.

DF HFR Cost Estimates 13 Segments = 14 DF HFRs. Acquisition & Installation = 14 HFRs * $160 K = $2,240 K.

Number of Technicians = 14 HFRs * (2/7) = 4 Technicians.

Annual Technician Support = 4 Techs * $130 K = $520 K/Year

HFR Network Design Example: 1000 km / ( 75 km/segment ) = 13 Segments of Coast

LPA HFR Cost Estimate 1

13 Segments = 14 LPA HFRs. Acquisition & Installation = 14 HRFs * $300 K = $4,200 K.

Segment Color Key Red > 90 km 90 km > Orange > 70 km 70 km > Green

Number of Technicians = 14 HFRs * (2/4) = 7 Technicians. Annual Technician Support = 7 Techs * $130 K = $910 K/Year.

Acquisition & Installation and Annual Technician Support cost estimates based on the U.S. National HF Radar Network design parameters.

DF HFR Cost Estimates 13 Segments = 14 DF HFRs. Acquisition & Installation = 14 HFRs * $160 K = $2,240 K.

Number of Technicians = 14 HFRs * (2/7) = 4 Technicians.

Annual Technician Support = 4 Techs * $130 K = $520 K/Year

HFR Network Design Example: 1000 km / ( 75 km/segment ) = 13 Segments of Coast

LPA HFR Cost Estimate 2

13 Segments = 26 LPA HFRs. Acquisition & Installation = 26 HRFs * $300 K = $7,800 K.

Segment Color Key Red > 90 km 90 km > Orange > 70 km 70 km > Green

Number of Technicians = 26 HFRs * (2/4) = 13 Technicians.

Annual Technician Support = 13 Techs * $130 K = $1,690 K/Year.

The Center for Secure and Resilient Maritime Commerce (CSR)

DHS Center of Excellence for Port Security 11 Institutions Maritime Domain Awareness & Resiliency Maritime Domain Awareness
Approach Dual Use Technologies Demonstrate Nested Vessel Detection Global > Approaches > Port University of Miami Global Satellite Coverage, Visible & Microwave Rutgers University Over-the-Horizon Compact High Frequency Radar Networks Stevens Institute of Technology Local High-Resolution Optics & Shallow Underwater Acoustics

The Center for Secure and Resilient Maritime Commerce (CSR)

Rutgers University CODAR Ocean Sensors Academic Industry Partnership since 1998

CSRs HF Radar Mission: 1.Develop the HF Radar Dual-Use Capability for Current Mapping & Vessel Tracking. 2.Transition these Capabilities to Operational Use for Search And Rescue (SAR) and Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA). 3.Educate the Workforce Required to Operate these National Systems.

The Center for Secure and Resilient Maritime Commerce (CSR)

Rutgers University CODAR Ocean Sensors Academic Industry Partnership since 1998
HF Radar Team Rutgers University Scott Glenn, Josh Kohut, Hugh Roarty, Mike Crowley, John Kerfoot, Ethan Handel, Mike Smith, Colin Evans

CODAR Ocean Sensors Don Barrick, Pete Lilleboe, Laura Pederson, Belinda Lipa, Chad Whelan, Bruce Nyden, Bill Rector, Jimmy Isaacson

University or Puerto Rico Mayaguez

Jorge Corridor

Applied Mathematics, Inc Bill Browning

ONR - 2004

University of Alaska
Tom Weingarter, Hank Statskewich

Ocean Power Technologies

Debbie Montangne

HFR Current Mapping Product Development Road Map for Vessel Detection (Pre-CSR)
First Long Range System Installled

SuperDirective System Installed Large Vessel detection program AMI

COE Medium Sized Vessel Program Begins

NWRA applies SIFTER algorithm to CODAR data

LEAP Program Begins

Small Boat detection program SRI develops tracker for SIFTER output

5 MHz Bistatic Buoy Deployed

First Mid Range System Installled

13 MHz Bistatic Buoy Deployed

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

CSR Research Objective Develop the Dual Use Capability in 3 Testbeds

Detection

Association

Track Fitting

Urbanized Harbor Testbed

39

Tropical Testbed
CSR Year 0

Arctic Testbed

CSR Research Objective Develop the Dual Use Capability in 3 Testbeds

Detection

Association

Track Fitting

Urbanized Harbor Testbed

40

Tropical Testbed
CSR Year 5 Goal

Arctic Testbed

CSR Research Objective Develop the Dual Use Capability in 3 Testbeds

Detection

Association

Track Fitting

Urbanized Harbor Testbed

41

Tropical Testbed
CSR Year 4 Status

Arctic Testbed

Global Vessel Traffic Patterns

Global HF Vessel Detection Activities

5 6 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 New York Harbor Newport News, VA Port of Miami, FL Mona Passage, PR Barrow, AK Norway

Signal present in Loop 2 and Monopole. Signal originated in direction of Stevens anchor site. Loop 2 Loop 1

Loop 1

Loop 2

Monopole

HF Radar Geometry & Doppler Spectra from Range Cell 8

Bragg Waves

Doppler Spectra from all Range Cells with Detection Threshold Applied
Fixed Objects & Direct Signals

Bragg Waves

Bragg Waves

Vessel

Vessel

Doppler Frequency

DOLPHIN
IIR Method FFT 256 Threshold 10 dB Median Method FFT 256 Threshold 11 dB

Distance (km)

Radial Velocity (m/s) Bearing (CWN )

MAAS TRADER

DOLPHIN

Objective: The Littoral Expeditionary PowerBuoy (LEAP) System is established to enhance the Navys Anti-Terrorism /Force Protection (ATFP) by providing persistent afloat and port maritime surveillance in the near coast, harbors, piers and littorals worldwide. Schedule:

Littoral Expeditionary Autonomous PowerBuoy (LEAP)

Sponsor:

Prime Contractor:

Participants:

SNR 17 dB

SNR 32 dB

Monostatic Geometry at 13 MHz

Bistatic Geometry at 13 MHz

Deployed August 11, 2011

Monostatic and Bistatic Detections on the Amalthea

Amalthea MMSI: 240447000 Ship Type: Tanker Length: 247 m Breadth: 40 m

Sea Bright radar and AIS Rx

Track of Amalthea from 11:00 to 1:00 AIS data ends 20 km from receiver at Sea Bright
LEAP

Belmar radar

Monostatic Detections from SEAB

Zoom In

Amalthea Detections out to 20 km

Bistatic Detections Using LEAP

Zoom In

Amalthea Detections out to 40 km

Doubled the detection range with use of LEAP

False Alarms

2 Over the Horizon Vessel Tracking

Objective:
To demonstrate the ability of the existing U.S. SeaSonde HF radar network to strengthen maritime domain awareness and, in particular, to provide dual-use environmental monitoring and beyondthe-horizon vessel surveillance.

Sponsor:

Participants:

Schedule:

Legend
Long Range 5 MHz Medium Range 13 MHz Standard Range 25 MHz

Miami CSR Experiment

Sponsor:

Objective: First experiment testing the layered capability of the MDA sensors that are being evaluated within the CSR.

Participants:
IIR Background

6
Range (km)

4 3 2 1

5 7 8

Bearing (deg CWN)

Radial Velocity (m/s)

Miami Experiment

Chong Ming

Maersk Westport

CSR Tropical HF Radar Testbed

Sponsor:

Objective: Development of a HF Radar testbed in the tropical low latitude region near Puerto Rico. This will allow for the measurement of the background HF band to determine its impact on vessel detection capability of the SeaSonde.

Participants:

4 days AIS traffic in the Mona Passage

AIS

Simulation of Real Time Detection Software Operating in the Puerto Rico Testbed

5 HF Radar Testbed at High Latitudes

Objective: Test the capability of the SeaSonde HF Radar as a detection and surveillance sensor at high latitudes in anticipation of the polar ice cap melting and the increased usage of the Northwest Passage. Sponsor:

Participants:

Remote Power Module

AIS traffic near Barrow, AK

Northwest passage routes

6 HF Radar Testbed at High Latitudes

Objective: Test the capability of the SeaSonde HF Radar as a detection and surveillance sensor at high latitudes in along the 21,000 km of coastline. Sponsor: Participants:

NOBLE
EXTENDED SITUATIONAL AWARENESS

FFI

NJHQ

Radar

AIS
Vessels

HELO

Dornier

Intelligence

MPA

SARSAT

Monostatic Coverage

Bistatic Coverage

Road Map for Vessel Detection Within CSR

CSR Starts First LEAP System Installed Field Exercise Miami Bistatic Exercise Puerto Rico

Coordinated Field Exercise

CSR Summer Institute How Small is Small

Testing of Real Time Software in Mid Atlantic

LEAP Multistatic Exercise

CSR Summer Institute Pilot LEAP Bistatic Transmitter Installed Field Exercise Alaska

Puerto Rico Site Inspection

Vessel Detection Data into Open Mongoose

Coordinated Field Exercise

CIT Program Commences

Second LEAP System Installed

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Multi-Level Access and Information Sharing with Open Mongoose (MDA CONOP)
(U) Multi-Level Enclaves Provide Appropriate Level Data to Customers

Vessel Detection Data Flow

miles km

100 200

Bohemia AIS Track SNR>9

HF Association one HF Association two HF Association three HF Detection >20dB 20dB>= HF Detection >12dB AIS Contact
Time: 0:25:00 Distance travelled: 11.3km

7.2km

AIS Bohemia Velocity Range: 10.3KTS up to 10.4KTS. Several HF Radar detections associated by one, two and three standard deviations Radar Characteristics: SNR>9, UNCLASIFIED/FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY tracked: 7.2 km Distance from radar when

65

SNR 14 dB

SNR 16 dB

SNR 18 dB

SNR 20 dB

SNR 22 dB

SNR 24 dB

SNR 26 dB

SNR 28 dB

SNR 30 dB

Real-Time Vessel Detections from the Approaches to New York Harbor 9 March 2012

Selected Recent Publications

HF Radar for Surface Current Mapping: Roarty, Glenn, Kohut, Gong, Handel, Rivera, Garner, Atkinson, Brown, Jakubiak, Muglia, Haines, Seim, Nov/Dec 2010. Operation and Application of a Regional High-Frequency Radar Network in the Mid-Atlantic Bight, Marine Technology Society Journal, V. 44, No. 6, p. 1-13. Kohut, Roarty, Randall-Goodwin, Glenn, Lichtenwalner, Evaluation of Two Algorithms for a Network of Coastal Radars in the Mid Atlantic Bight, in press.

HF Radar for Vessel Tracking: Roarty, Lemus, Handel, Glenn, Barrick, Issacson, May-Jun, 2011. Performance Evaluation of SeaSonde High-Frequency Radar for Vessel Detection, Marine Technology Society Journal, V. 45, No. 3, p. 14-24.
Education: Glenn + 27 Researches + 57 Students, Jan-Feb 2011. The Trans-Atlantic Slocum Glider Expeditions: A Catalyst for Undergraduate Participation in Ocean Science & Technology, Marine Technology Society Journal, V. 45, No. 1, p. 52-67. International Talks Spain, Norway, Sweden, Poland, Brazil, United Kingdom, South Korea

2011 HF Radar Partnership Schedule

Current Mapping Projects Vessel Tracking Projects