The

th 14

Amendment

Citizens Rights and Equal Protection

Immigration

Immigrants
Resident Alien
Non-Resident Alien Enemy Alien Refugees Illegal Alien

1882-1924 Growth of Restrictions paupers

Immigration Policies

Barred entrance to mentally handicapped, convicts, Chinese Exclusion Act In this time: 25 Million immigrants
1924-1965 National Origins Quotas

Immigration Act of 1924 (Johnson Act) limited

immigration to 165,000 per year

Received more English and Irish than Greek and

Italians

Immigration Policies
1965 Immigration Reform Act

Abolished national origins quotas

Establishes Eastern and Western Hemisphere
preference catagories

1986 Control Act

Allowed illegal immigrants to become citizens - Amnesty - Apply for citizenship after 5 years - Illegal for employers to hire illegal aliens - Employers must ask for proof of citizenship

Immigration Policies
1990 Immigration Act

Admit highly skilled

and educated immigrants

Consisted of 7% of
annual visas

Citizenship

Basis of Citizenship
The United States government exists to secure the fundamental rights and liberties of its citizens.

Citizenship Categories

STATE

NATIONAL

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Scott was not a citizen, therefore he could not bring a legal suit in court

Citizenship by Birth
Jus Soli
Law of the Soil Nearly all that are born on U.S. territory are American citizens

Jus Sanguis
Law of Blood - If both parents are citizens, an individual born on foreign soil is an American citizen

Naturalization old At least 18 years

Entered the U.S Legally
Naturalization - the legal process by which a person is granted the rights and privileges of a citizen

Good moral character

Support principles of American government

Proof of reading, writing, and speaking English

Basic30 months of knowledge Investigation andfor Live in U.S.hearing Final preliminary hearing Citizenship! American history
Collective Naturalization - Congress may naturalize whole groups of people

Losing Citizenship
Expatriation
A person may give up citizenship by living in a foreign country or being convicted of treasonous crimes.

Denaturalization
An individual in the naturalization process may be disqualified through deception or fraud.

Responsibilitie s
Citizenship involves participation in government, including by voting and campaigning for a candidate.

Equal Rights

Equal Protection
The 14th Amendment forbids any state to deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the law

Rational Basis
Suspect

Classifications

Discrimination
Treating members of a race differently because of their race.

Civil Rights

Civil Rights Act of 1964

In Effect

SEGREGATION

GUILT

Affirmative Action

GUILT

Whacky Cases

Reverse Discrimination

Richmond v. JA Croson Co.

Holding a certain number of jobs for minorities was unconstitutional.

Womens Rights

Womens Rights
Cannot set different ages for men and women to become adults Cannot set different ages for men and women to purchase beer Cannot exclude women from juries Cannot require women to take pregnancy leaves

Girls cannot be kept off baseball teams

Cannot exclude women from club memberships Must pay women retirement benefits

Cannot bar women from military colleges

Womens Rights
All-boys and all-girls schools are allowed Property tax exemption to widows May prohibit women from working in mens prisons Hospitals may bar fathers from the delivery room

Womens Rights

Equal Credit Opportunity Act

The

th 14

Amendment

Andy Hill and Olivia Polger