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Respiratory system

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Plant s
Stomata- the epidermis of the leaf is perforated by a whole.

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Guard Cell It isa specialized cell on the undersurface of leaves for controlling gas exchange and water loss. Guard cells occur in pairs and are shaped so that a pore, orstomata, exists between them. They can change shape with the result that the pore disappears. It is also responsible for opening and closing of stomata.Therefore it control the gas exchange in plants.

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Turgidit y -responsible of the opening and closing of stomata. When the guard cells are turgid, the stomata opens. But when the guard cells lose water and shrink, the stomata closes. Thus, water is necessary for gas exchange to take place in plants

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Gas Exchange in animals Direct Diffusion Unicellular organisms like amoeba and paramecium resort to direct diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the plasma membrane. Dissolved oxygen in the surrounding water which is in higher concentration than the cells body Using of gills diffuses across the plasma membrane Gills are use for gas exchange. It into organisms body. While carbon contains blood vessel which dioxide in higher concentration in the carry oxygen from the cell diffuses outward in to the surrounding water to the cells surrounding water. and carbon dioxide from the 3/20/12 cells to the water.

Tracheal System Are found in insects. Air enters the body through the opening at the side of the abdomen called spiracles which leads to a system of tubes called Trachea. Trachea are subdivided into smaller tube called tracheoles containing Book Lungs a fluid which makes the inner surface of in spiders. Each They are found the tube moist that is necessary for diffusionof leaf-like Lung has a number to take place. folds. Air enters the book lung through a pair of slit like opening on the under surface of the abdomen.
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Lung System Terrestial Vertebrates use lungs for gas exchange. Air enters through the nostril which usually leads to nasal cavity which opens to the mouth air pharynx. In amphibians, the or passes through the mouth while in higher vertebrates, The air passes through the pharynx. The air then enter through the glottis. The glottis leads to larynx to the bronchi and into the lungs. Blood vessels line the lungs. This absorb the oxygen in the lungs and release carbon dioxide into the lungs and are made of sponge tissue.

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Respiratoty system of man

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Upon inhalation, gas exchange occurs at thealveoli, the tiny sacs which are the basic functional component of the lungs. The alveolar walls are extremely thin . These walls are composed of a single layer ofepithelial cells close to the pulmonary capillarieswhich are composed of a single layer ofendothelial cells. The close proximity of these two cell types allows permeability to gases and, hence, gas exchange. This whole mechanism of gas exchange is carried by the simple phenomenon of pressure difference. When the air pressure is high inside the lungs, the air from lungs flow out. When the air 3/20/12 pressure is low inside, then air flows into

Disease and Disorders of the respiratory system Asth ma Breathing problem that makes it more difficult for a person to get air in and out of his lungs. When a person has asthma, the breathing tubes are Acute Sensitive. It may tighten becoming inflamed bronchitis Infection of bronchial tree. it and swollen. That it makes The bronchial tree is madefor tubes that carry air fresh in and harder of a person to breath Into the lungs. exhale air out. When these tubes get infected ,they swell and mucus forms. This makes it hard for a person to breathe.
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Emphy sema The alveolar tissue partially destroyed and the remaining alveoli are weaken and enlarge. The bronchioles collapsed on exhalation, trapping Laryn Air in the alveoli. gitis An inflammation of larynx, is caused by a viral infection, irritants such as cigarette smoke, or by over use of the voice. Laryngitis may lead to hoarseness, or the voice may reduce to a Lung whisper Cancer until the inflammation Lung cancer develops in individual with a subsides. genetic pre disposition to disease Who are exposed to cancer-causing agents. 3/20/12 Cancerous Tumor may start in

Meningoco ccemia Is the presence of meningococcus in the blood stream. Meningococcus, a bacteria formally called Neisseria Miningitidis, can be one of the most dramatic and rapidly fatal of all infectious disease. Pertussis(Whoopi ng Cough) An infection of the respiratory tract cause by bordetella pertussis bacteria.

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