RESEARCH DESIGN

A research design is a master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing the data. It is a strategy or blueprint that plans the action for carrying through the research project data.

COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN

Broadly it is composed of different elements like: Purpose of the study, Unit of analysis Time dimension Mode of observation Sampling design Observation tools Data processing Data analysis.

Purpose of the Study

From the perspective of purpose of the study, a research can be Exploratory Initial research conducted to clarify the nature of the problem. Descriptive The major purpose of descriptive research, as the term implies, is to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon. Descriptive research seeks to determine the answers to who, what, when, where, and how questions. Example A descriptive research may discover that 10 percent of the parents abuse their children. Explanatory When we encounter an issue that is already known and have a description of it, we might begin to wonder why things are the way they are. The desire to know why, to explain, is the purpose of explanatory research. Example A descriptive research may discover that 10

Unit of Analysis
The unit of analysis refers to the level of aggregation of the data collected during the subsequent data analysis stage. The unit of analysis can be : Individual If research is based on a individual persons attitude or information then unit of analysis is individual. Example If the problem statement focuses on how to raise the motivational levels of employees in general, then we are interested in individual employees in the organization and would have to find out what we can do to raise their motivation. Dyads If the researcher is interested in studying two-person interactions, then several twoperson groups (also known as dyads) will become the unit of analysis. Example Analysis of husband-wife interactions in families and supervisor-subordinate relationship at the work place, teacher-student relationship in the educational institution Group If the problem statement is related to group effectiveness, the unit of analysis would be at group level. Example If we compare different departments in the organization, then data analysis will be done at the department level that is, the individuals in the department will be treated as one unit and comparisons made treating the department as a unit of analysis.

Time Dimension
Cross-Sectional Studies are carried out once and represent a snapshot of one point in time. Data are collected just once, perhaps over a period of days or weeks or months, in order to answer the research question.
Example Research about the characteristics of a disease in a

population at a particular point in time. Longitudinal Studies are repeated over an extended period. The advantage of longitudinal studies is that it can track changes over time.
Example

Research about effect of a medicine on individual .

longitudinal study is carried out because it can track changes over time.

Researcher Control of Variables

Experiment the researcher attempts to control and/or manipulate the variables in
the study. Example For example, finding out if playing video games with violent content makes kids more prone to violent behavior. One might have children come into a lab and have a certain number play a highly violent video game, another group play a somewhat violent video game, and then a last group play a game with no violence (called the control). one would then watch the kids play with other children and record any violent behavior. Experimental studies can be :
non-contrived the natural environment where work proceeds normally contrived or in artificial, contrived setting.

Ex post facto investigators have no control over the variables in the sense of being
able to manipulate them. Example For example, it might be observed that students from one town have higher grades than students from a different town attending the same high school. Would just "being from a certain town" explain the differences? In an ex post facto study, specific reasons for the differences would be explored, such as differences in income,

Choice of Research Design: Mode of Observation

There could be number of ways to collect the data depending upon whether the study is quantitative or qualitative, descriptive or explanatory, crosssectional or longitudinal, and contrived or noncontrived,the researcher decides about the mode of observation. The modes could be like: survey, experiment, communication analysis (content analysis) field observation, case study, focus group discussion. Example If we are carrying out a research about the impact of Chinas economic policies on the world then we would be doing survey, conducting interviews with economists to collect the data

Sampling Design
The basic idea of sampling is that by selecting some of the elements in population, we may draw conclusions about the entire population. A population element is the subject on which the measurement is being taken. It is the unit of analysis. Sampling has its own advantages and disadvantages. Depending upon the nature of the study the researchers decides about following appropriate type of sampling design. Example For example, a manufacturer needs to decide whether a batch of material from production is of high enough quality to be released to the customer, or should be sentenced for scrap or rework due to poor quality. In this case, the batch is the population.

Observation Tools
Observation tool mostly used by social researchers are: questionnaire, interview schedule, Interview guide, and check list. In the research design, the researcher will specify the tools of data collection along the logic justifying the appropriateness of the selected tool. Example Observation tool for a research about literacy rate in an area should be questionnaire .

Field Data Collection

Depending upon the mode of observation, the researcher will outline the procedure for field operations. The researcher will try to look after the questions like: How the data will be collected? Who will be responsible for the collections of data? What training will be imparted to the field functionaries? How will the quality control of data be maintained? Example For instance ,during a research about the literacy rate in an area the data will be collected by filling questionnaire a team will be responsible for data collection. The team will be given a training that how they will fill questionnaire from people and the quality will be controlled in such a way that only authentic data is taken .

Data Processing and Data Analysis

In the research design the researcher is required to tell how the data shall be processed (manually, mechanically), and analysis plans explicated. In case the qualitative data are to be quantifies the procedures should be spelled out. The procedures for the construction of score Indexes, if any, should be explained. The research design should also say something about the analysis plan, the use of statistics, and the inferences to be drawn. Example For instance if we are collecting data about the literacy rate in an area the data will be in form of figures hence it should be pre defined that how the data will be processed i.e. by using graphs or

Survey Research:
Surveys

require asking people, who are called respondents, for information, using either verbal or written questions. Questionnaires or interviews are utilized to collect data on the telephone, face-to face, and through other communication media. The more formal term sample survey emphasizes that the purpose of contacting respondents is to obtain a representative sample of the target population. Thus, a survey is defined as a method of gathering primary data based on communication with a representative sample of individuals.

Steps in Conducting a Survey

1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Develop the hypothesis; decide on type of survey (mail, interview, telephone); write survey questions (decide on response categories, design lay out). Plan how to record data; pilot test survey instrument. Decide on target population; get sampling frame; decide on sample size; select the sample. Locate respondents; conduct interviews; carefully record data. Enter data into computers; recheck all data; perform statistical analysis on data. Describe methods and findings in research report; present findings to others for critique and evaluation.

Summary
It is concluded that research design play an important role in the research. Research design is like a blue print for the research and if correct results are obtained when a good research design is made. Research design gives a right dimension to the research