ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENT

Artificial Intelligence is a branch of Science which deals with helping machines find solutions to complex problems in a more humanlike fashion. AI is generally associated with Computer Science, but it has many important links with other fields such as Maths, Psychology, Cognition, Biology and Philosophy, among many others. Our ability to combine knowledge from all these fields will ultimately benefit our progress in the quest of creating an intelligent artificial being. This generally involves borrowing characteristics from human intelligence, and applying them as algorithms in a computer friendly way. A more or less flexible or efficient approach can be taken depending on the requirements established, which influences how artificial the intelligent behaviour appears.

Historical perspective
Calculators.
Counting machines by pebbles intorduced 450 B.C by Egyptians. Simple operations adding and subtracting. Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635)- automatic digital calculator. Gottfried Leibniz upgrade the operations that could multiplication and division. Charles Babbage (1792-1871) first computer scientist.

 Computer:
Modern computer 1940s (vacuum tube computer)- commonly used in military. 1956; develop computer program that would behave intelligently. John McCarthy- founder of science AI. Marvin Minsky- director of AI laboratory at MIT. Claude Shannon-modern model for communication system. Dartmouth conference AI grown exponent

Early AI
In 1947 representation models of sensory perception in pattern recognition and classification tasks. 1950's, McCulloch still held out hope that a better understanding of the behavior of networks of artificial neurons would be able to elucidate the inner workings of the brain in experiments.

 Von Neumann & Rossenbalt- computer learn to classify shapes (perceptron). Three level hierarchy:
Emulated sensory Associative Motor pattern of humans

Recent AI
Computer- sequential processing model. W. Daniel Hillis- introduce parellel processing model. Chunks and separate areas of computer processing network.

AI & Human Cognition

Silicon based computer (Von Neumann type) Processing speed Type Storage capacity Material Cooperation Learning capasity Best feature nanoseconds Serial processor Vast for digitally cooled information Silicon & electronic Absolutely obedient Rule governed Can process an immense amount of data Cost efficient, rule governed, easy to maintain & predictable Does not self learn, difficulty in human Carobon based brain (Human) Miliseconds to seconds Parallel processor Vast, for visual & linguistic information Neurons & organic Generally cooperative Conceptual Can make judgments, interferences & generalizations Ambulatory, language speech, vision & emotions Limited in information process, cost to fulfill

Worst feature

The Thinking Machine

The Turing Test

Alan Turing, in a 1951 paper, proposed a test called "The Imitation Game" that might finally settle the issue of machine intelligence. The first version of the game he explained involved no computer intelligence whatsoever. Imagine three rooms, each connected via computer screen and keyboard to the others. In one room sits a man, in the second a woman, and in the third sits a person - call him or her the "judge". The judge's job is to decide which of the two people talking to him through the computer is the man. The man will attempt to help the judge, offering whatever evidence he can (the computer terminals are used so that physical clues cannot be used) to prove his man-hood. The woman's job is to trick the judge, so she will attempt to deceive him, and counteract her opponent's claims, in hopes that the judge will erroneously identify her as the male. Turing proposed that if, under these conditions, a judge were less than 50% accurate, that is, if a judge is as likely to pick either human or computer, then the computer must be a passable simulation of a human being and hence, intelligent.

 The Chinese Room

Searle (1980a) asks you to imagine yourself a monolingual English speaker locked in a room, and given a large batch of Chinese writing plus a second batch of Chinese script and a set of rules in English for correlating the second batch with the first batch. The rules correlate one set of formal symbols with another set of formal symbols; formal (or syntactic) meaning you can identify the symbols entirely by their shapes. A third batch of Chinese symbols and more instructions in English enable you to correlate elements of this third batch with elements of the first two batches and instruct you, thereby, to give back certain sorts of Chinese symbols with certain sorts of shapes in response.