SYNDROME
Presented By:
Bijay Mandal
of collagen IV
CAUSES:
The antibodies initiate inflammatory
PATHOGENESIS:
The trigger that initiates the antibasement membrane antibodies is still unknown. Since the epitopes that evoke anti-collagen antibodies are normally hidden within the molecule, it is presumed that some environmental insult such as viral infection, exposure to hydrocarbon solvents (used in the dry cleaning industry), or smoking is required to unmask the cryptic epitopes
MORPHOLOGY:
In the classic case, the lungs are heavy, with areas of redbrown consolidation. Histologically, there is focal necrosis of alveolar walls associated with intra-alveolar hemorrhages. Often the alveoli contain hemosiderin-laden macrophages.
In later stages there may be fibrous thickening of the septae, hypertrophy of type II pneumocytes, and organization of blood in alveolar spaces. In many cases immunofluorescence studies
DIAGNOSIS:
A sputum test will be done to look for specific antibodies. A chest x raywill be done to assess the amount of fluid in the lung tissues. A lung needle biopsy and a kidney biopsy will show immune system deposits. The kidney biopsy can also show the presence of the harmful antibodies that attack the lungs and kidneys.
CLINICAL FEATURES:
Most cases begin clinically with respiratory symptoms, principally hemoptysis, and radiographic evidence of
TREATMENTS:
A procedure whereby blood plasma, which contains antibodies, is removed from the body and replaced with fluids or donated plasma (plasmapheresis) may be performed daily for two or more weeks to remove circulating antibodies. It is fairly effective in slowing or reversing the disorder. Dialysis to clean the blood of wastes may be required if kidney function is poor. A kidney transplant may be successful,
TREATMENTS:
The once dismal prognosis for this disease has been
markedly improved by intensive plasmapheresis. This procedure is thought to be beneficial by removing circulating antibasement membrane antibodies as well as chemical mediators of immunological injury. Simultaneous immunosuppressive therapy inhibits further antibody production, ameliorating both lung hemorrhage and
glomerulonephritis.
PROGNOSIS:
The probable outcome is variable. Most cases progress to severe renal failure and
PREVENTION:
No known prevention of Goodpasture's syndrome exists. People should avoid glue sniffing and the siphoning gasoline. Stopping smoking, if a family history of renal failure exists, may prevent some cases. Early diagnosis and treatment may slow progression of the disorder
alveolar hemorrhage.
Most cases occur in young children, although the disease has been reported in adults as well.
PATHOGENESIS:
The cause and pathogenesis are unknown, and no antibasement
membrane antibodies are detectable in serum or tissues. However, favorable response to long-term immunosuppression with prednisone and/or azathioprine indicates that an immunological mechanism could be involved in the pulmonary capillary damage underlying alveolar bleeding. In addition, long-term follow-up of patients shows that some of
SYMPTOMS:
It usually presents with an insidious onset of productive cough, hemoptysis, anemia, and
WEGENER GRANULOMATOSIS:
This autoimmune disease most often
DIAGNOSIS:
it is enough to emphasize that a
transbronchial lung biopsy might provide the only tissue available for diagnosis. Since the amount of tissue is small, necrosis and granulomatous vasculitis might not be present
well-defined).