Nonbonding electrons: are pairs of valence electrons on an atom that are not involved in electron sharing.
Water is a compound in which it has both bonding and nonbonding electrons (at oxygen). H - O H has two bonds in which is resulted from the sharing of H 1S1 and the Oxygen 6 valence electrons making the total of electrons oxygen atom has is 8 (octet rule). The sharing of the oxygen electron with the hydrogen 1 electron will result in hydrogen with 2 electrons (octet rule) becoming an iso-electronic tp He, the nearest Nobel gas. Let us do Example 5.1/ page 102.
N
H
N
H
6
H O Cl O
O S O
8
Step 3: Add nonbonding electron pairs to the structure such that each atoms bonded to the central atoms has an octet of electrons.
Step 4: Place any remaining electrons on the central atom of the structure
Step 5: If there are not enough electrons to give the central atom an octet, then use one or more pairs of nonbonding electrons on the atoms bonded to the central atom to form double or triple bonds.
Step 6: Count the total number of electrons in the completed Lewis Structure to make sure it is equal to the total number of valence electrons available for bonding as calculated in step 1
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K K
O
S
O
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Molecular Geometry:
VSEPR Theory: 1) 2) Two electron pairs to be as far apart as possible from one another are found on the opposite sides of a nucleus: 180 degrees apart. Three electron pairs are as far apart as possible when they are found at the corners of an equilateral triangle: 120 degrees apart. A tetrahedral arrangement of electron pairs minimized repulsion among four sets of electron pairs. Tetrahedral is a four-sided solid in which all four sides are identical equilateral triangles. The angle between any two electron pairs is 109 degrees.
3)
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O H
H
H O
Acetylene
N N N H
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Electronegativity:
Electronegativity is a measure of the relative attraction that an atom has for the shared electrons in a bond. An electronegative atom attract more this shared electron than the electropositive atom. The difference in electronegativity among bonded atoms will result in bond polarity: Non-polar covalent bond is a covalent bond in which there is equal sharing of electrons between two atoms. These two atom shall have very close electronegativity values. Polar covalent bonds is a covalent bond in which there is unequal sharing of electrons between two atoms; in which one of these two atoms is more electronegative than the other.
Cl
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Molecular Polarity:
A polar molecule is the one that has an unsymmetrical distribution of electronic charge. Nonpolar molecule is the one that has symmetrical distribution of electronic Charge. O=C=O is a nonpolar molecule. CO is a polar molecule.
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followed by a separate word containing the stem of the name of the more electronegative nonmetal and the suffix- ide.
Numerical prefixes giving numbers of atoms precede the names of both nonmetals. N2 O : dinitrogen monoxide N2 O3 : dinitrogen trioxide Let us do Example 5.5/ Page 121
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