Calculating Drag on Airfoil

Aerodynamic forces and moments on a solid object due to the flow come from only two sources Pressure distribution p(s) Shear stress distribution t(s) where s is a curvilinear coordinate measured along the surface of the body from some fixed reference point
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p(s) is normal to the surface, and t(s) is tangential to the surface

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 The total aerodynamic force R and moment M acting on the body, are the resultant force and moment arising from p(s) and t(s). See Fig 1.9

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Now, N = normal force, perpendicular to c A = axial force, parallel to c Where the chord c is the linear distance from the LE to the TE

L = N cosa A sina (1.1) D = N sina + A cosa (1.2)

a = angle between v and c Hence a is also the angle between

L and N and between D and A The relationship between the two sets of force components is
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Integrating the Pressure and Shear Stress

Let us examine in detail the integra-tion of the pressure and shear stress distributions to obtain the aerodyna-mic forces and moments Start with Fig 1.11 and note: The chord line is drawn horizontal Hence v is at an angle a below the chord line xy coordinate system oriented parallel and perpendicular to the chord
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su = distance from LE measured along upper surface to any point A pu , tu = pressure and shear stress distributions on upper surface at A. Both are functions of su

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sl , pl , tl are similarly defined for an arbitrary point B on the lower

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Deriving the Force and Moment Equations

The pressure is inclined at an angle q w.r.t. the vertical. Therefore, the shear stress is inclined at an angle q w.r.t. the horizontal (Ref next slide) q is positive when measured clock-wise from the vertical line to the direction of p, and from the horizontal line to the direction of t We are now ready to derive the aero-dynamic force and moment.

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q is positive when measured clock-wise from the vertical line to the direction of p, and from the horizontal line to the direction of t

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Deriving the Force and Moment Equations

Consider an elemental strip of width ds and unit span as shown in Fig 1.12 (Ref 2nd next slide) The area of this elemental strip is dS = ds(1) = ds This is shown shaded in Fig. 1.12

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 N and A represent the total normal and axial forces on the wing N and A represent the total nor-mal and axial forces per unit span For the upper surface we have

dN u pu cosq dsu t u sin q dsu

dAu pu sin q dsu t u cosq dsu

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 And for the lower surface

dN l pl cosq dsl t l sin q dsl dAl pl sin q dsl t l cosq dsl

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 The total normal and axial forces per unit span are obtained by integrating these equations from LE to TE for both surfaces. Then

dN dN u dN l
TE u l

And

LE

(dN dN )
TE

Therefore
TE

N ( pu cosq t u sin q )dsu

LE

LE

( p cosq t sin q )ds

l l

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Axial Force per Unit Span

The axial force per unit span is
dA dAu dAl

The lift and drag per unit span can then be calculated by substituting (1.7) and (1.8) into (1.1) and (1.2) Now lets move on to obtain the moment of these aerodynamic forces Clearly, the moment depends on the point about which the moment is taken. We shall take moments about the LE

from which is

and therefore

TE

A ( pu sin q t u cosq )dsu ( pl sin q t l cosq )dsl

LE LE

TE

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Finding Axial Component

The relationship between the two sets of force components is L = N cosa A sina (1.1) D = N sina + A cosa (1.2) As N and A are known
TE

N ( pu cosq t u sin q )dsu

LE

TE

LE TE

( p cosq t sin q )ds

l l l l

TE

A ( pu sin q t u cosq )dsu

L and D can be determined

LE

LE

( p sin q t cosq )ds

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