B7 RNP Extension Frequency Hopping Ed01 Modified

Frequency Planning of Hopping Networks
Fractional Reuse
Mobile Radio Network Planning
All rights reserved 2003, Alcatel
RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping
Reuse Cluster Size Definition for FH

The classical definition of the Reuse Cluster Size is:
ARCS
Bandwidth Average amount of TRX per cell
The definition of the Reuse Cluster Size for RFH conditions is:
Bandwidth FARCS Average amount of Frequencies per cell

FARCS = Fractional Average Reuse Cluster Size
Mobile Radio Network Planning All rights reserved 2003, Alcatel 2
Examples for ARCS

ARCS
27 frequencies for TCH TRXs 3 TCH TRXs in average per cell
B1 B3 A1 A3 A2 A1 A3 B2 C1 C3 B1 B3 B2 A2 B1 B3 B2
C2
A1
A3
A2
B 27 ARCS 9 # TRX / cell 3

REUSE 3*3
Mobile Radio Network Planning All rights reserved 2003, Alcatel
Example: Group planning with 9 frequency groups, 3 frequencies each
Examples of FARCS (1)

FARCS
27 frequencies for TCH TRXs 3 hopping groups with 9 frequencies each 1 hopping group per cell
A C A C A C B B A C A C B B A C B
A
C
B 27 FARCS 3 # f / cell 9
REUSE 1*3
Example: 3 frequency groups, 9 frequencies each
Examples of FARCS (2)

FARCS
27 frequencies for TCH TRXs 1 hopping group with 27 frequencies same hopping group on each cell
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
A
A
B 27 FARCS 1 # f / cell 27
REUSE 1*1
Example: 1 frequency group including all 27 frequencies
Frequency Planning of Hopping Networks
Creating Hopping Groups
The GSM Hopping Sequence Generator

Abbreviations
MA MAI MAIO FHS HSN T1, T1R, T2, T3 FN Mobile Allocation Mobile Allocation Index Mobile Allocation Index Offset Frequency Hopping Sequence Hopping Sequence Number GSM internal timers Frame Number
MA - Mobile Allocation
The MA is the look up table that is
giving the relation between the different MAI numbers and the corresponding ARFCN. Range: The look up table has N lines. N is the number of frequencies used in the hopping sequence (hopping group)
MAI 0 1 MA ARFCN 7 2
2
3 4 ...
5
12 6 ...
MAI - Mobile Allocation Index

The MAI is an index number, which allows to determine the correct
line in the MA look up table to find the corresponding ARFCN. Range: 0 .. N-1
Note: N is the number of frequencies used in the hopping sequence.
MAIO - Mobile Allocation Index Offset

The MAIO is selectable for each timeslot and each TRX separately The MAIO is constant on the TRX but it changes between the FU Due to the fact, that normally for each timeslot within one TRX the
same FHS is used, there is no need to change the MAIO from timeslot to timeslot. Therefore the MAIO is constant on the TRX. It is a number that is added to the calculated MAI to avoid intra-site collisions due to co or adjacent channel usage. Range: 0 .. N-1
10
MAIO - BBH Example (1)
FU 1 fhs_id, FU 2 fhs_id, FU 3 fhs_id, FU 4 fhs_id,
maio maio maio maio
TS 0 BCCH freq TCH 2, 0 TCH 2, 1 TCH 2, 2
TS 1 TCH 1, 0 SD/ 8 1, 1 TCH 1, 2 TCH 1, 3
TS 2 TCH 1, 0 TCH 1, 1 TCH 1, 2 TCH 1, 3
TS 3 TCH 1, 0 TCH 1, 1 TCH 1, 2 TCH 1, 3
TS 4 TCH 1, 0 TCH 1, 1 TCH 1, 2 TCH 1, 3
TS 4 TCH 1, 0 TCH 1, 1 TCH 1, 2 TCH 1, 3
TS 5 TCH 1, 0 TCH 1, 1 TCH 1, 2 TCH 1, 3
TS 6 TCH 1, 0 TCH 1, 1 TCH 1, 2 TCH 1, 3
TS 7 TCH 1, 0 TCH 1, 1 TCH 1, 2 TCH 1, 3
11
MAIO - Example (2)

E.g. a TRX has the MAIO 2 Frequencies used on this TRX: f1, f2, f3 ,f4 The frequency hopping generator creates the MAI sequence
3,0,1,2,1,1,3,0,2, The hopping sequence will be: f2, f3, f4,f1,f4,f4,f2,f3,f1,...
MA MAI 0 E.g. MAI = 1 calculated 1 2 3 MAIO=2
ARFCN F1 F2 F3 F4 F4 is used
HSN - Hopping Sequence Number

The HSN is one of 4 input parameters to the GSM hopping
sequence generator algorithm (see GSM Rec: 05.02). Range: 0 .. 63 HSN = 0 means cyclic hopping! The values 1 to 63 are so called Pseudo Random Hopping Sequence Numbers. Their usage forces the hopping sequence generator algorithm to determine MAIs randomly. Due to the fact, that only the GSM internal timers T1R, T2 and T3 are additional input to this algorithm, their period is also the period of the hopping sequence
13
T1, T1R, T2, T3 - GSM internal timers

Ranges of the timers:
T1: 0 .. 2047 T1R: 0 .. 63 (T1R = T1 modulo 64) T2: 0 .. 25 T3: 0 .. 50 T2 and T3 are triggered every 8 timeslots (1 TDMA Frame). When both timers switch back to 0, T1 (and T1R) is triggered (that is every 26*51= 1326 TDMA Frames). In the GSM hopping sequence algorithm the timers T1R, T2 and T3 are used. This is leading to a period of 64*26*51-1 = 84863 for the MAI sequence (hopping sequence)
14
FN - Frame Number
It is incremented after every TDMA frame (8 timeslots) At each FN increment, timers T1, T1R, T2, T3 are impacted,
however only T1R, T2, T3 determine the periodicity of the MAI sequence (hopping sequence)
FN periodicity is 26*51*2048-1 = 2 715 647 TDMA frames Each frame has a duration of apporx. 4.62 ms The absolute time from FN 0 to next time FN 0 is accordingly:
2 715 647 * (8*577 s) = 3h 28min 53 s
Note: Duration of one TS 577 s
15
Hopping Sequence Generation - Diagram

With the before shown parameters,
the used absolute frequency can be determined
MA MAIO HSN T1 T2 T3
Algorithm specified in GSM Rec. 05.02
Press for demonstration
ARFCN = MA(MAI)
16
The Period of the Hopping Sequence

Timer T1R is only increased, when T2 and T3 switch back to zero at
the same time (every 1326 TDMA frames)! The total period of the 3 timers T1R, T2, T3 (=duration of FHS): 64*26*51-1 = 84863 TDMA frames 6min 32sec This means, that even if we select the same HSN on two different (not synchronised I.e no common master clock) sites, they have a probability of 1/84863 = 1.18*10-6 to use the same frame number. If they have different frame numbers, the order of the used hopping frequencies is uncorrelated
17
New understanding of reuse

A reuse of A X B means, that A sites belong to the same reuse
cluster and B frequency groups are used on this site.
A A
A C A B A A
Re-use 1x3
Re-use 1x1
18
Co-cell / co-site constraints max RF load

Co-cell constraint 2 channels spacing (ETSI recommends 3, but
with Alcatel EVOLIUM capabilities this value can be set to 2) Co-site constraint 2 channels spacing
As on the same site the minimum distance between two frequencies

is 2, only every second frequency of a band of consecutive frequencies can be used
This is leading to a effective usage of the spectrum resources of

maximum 50%
These 50% are the so called maximum RF load on the site
19
Max RF Load
The max RF load within a cell can be calculated according the
following formula:
# TRX / Cell max RF load # Frequencies / Cell

This maximum RF load is only achieved, if all TRXs within the cell
are fully loaded!
If the TRXs are only fractional loaded, the effective RF load is much
lower!
20
Max RF Load - Examples

3 sector site, 12 hopping frequencies, 2 hopping TRX per sector
1*1 reuse:
2 max . RF load 16.7% 12 2 max . RF load 50% 4
1*3 reuse:
These values (16.7% and 50%) are the theoretical maximum achivable RF loads for the two cases. This is due to the fact, that a consecutive frequency band is assumed and thus due to inter cell constraint of 2 channels spacing only every second frequency can be used at the same time Mobile Radio Network Planning All rights reserved 2003, Alcatel
21
Inter site constraints

The maximum RF load is just a theoretical value, up to which we can
avoid violating the co-cell and co-site constraints The real RF load of a cell (e.g. the traffic in Erlang handled by the hopping carriers) is the real indicator for the interferer potential of the cell With increasing number of used hopping TS, the probability of having a collission with a used TS of another cell using the same hopping frequencies is increasing
22
Traffic / Interference relation - Examples

Which scenario interferes most to your communication (yellow)?
Scenario 1
TS TRX1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TS TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 TRX4 0
Scenario 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TS TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 TRX4 0
Scenario 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Server
TRX2 TRX3 TRX4
TS TRX1
TS TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 TRX4
TS TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 TRX4
Interferer
TRX2 TRX3 TRX4
Assumptions: Cells not syncronized, cells using same hopping frequencies, BCCH not included
Creating Hopping sequences

The following slides show, how new frequency hopping groups can
be generated and how the MAIO is assigned to the different TRXs within the cell
Keep in mind the two GSM constraints

2 channels spacing between the frequencies on air at the same time within one cell (only Alcatel EVOLIUM equipment) 2 channels spacing between the frequencies on air at the same time within one site Assumptions: 12 consecutive frequencies available (1..12) excluding BCCH frequencies
24
Fractional Reuse 1*2, 1*3, 1*x
25
1*3 reuse (1)

Before we create new groups, we have
to keep two things in mind:
The RF-load of 50% is not possible with consecutive frequencies in the FHS 50% RF-load is only possible when all odd or all even frequencies are on air at the same time same amount of odd and even frequencies in each group
Cell A
4 5 6
7 8 9
10 11 12
Cell B 2 Cell C 3
Group A: 1,4,7,10 Group B: 2,5,8,11 Group C: 3,6,9,12
26
1*3 reuse (2)

To avoid violating the GSM constarints, MAIOs have to be defined
for each TRX of the site.
MAIO settings: Cell A 1 4 7 10 1 4 7
.
Group A:
0,2
Cell B
11
Group B:
1,3
Cell C
12
Group C:
0,2
MAI = 0
Frequency used by TRX 1 Frequency used by TRX 2
27
In a hopping group with 4 frequencies, the MAIs 0 to 3 are possible to

be generated by the hopping sequence generator
1*3 reuse (3)
Cell A 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 Cell B 2 5 8 11 2 5 8 Cell C 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 MAI = 0
Cell A 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 Cell B 2 5 8 11 2 5 8 Cell C 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 MAI = 2

Assumption: MAIOs are as defined before Group A: 0,2 Group B: 1,3 Group C: 0,2
Cell A 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 Cell B 2 5 8 11 2 5 8
Cell A 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 Cell B 2 5 8 11 2 5 8
Cell C 3 6 9 12 3 6 9
MAI = 1
Cell C 3 6 9 12 3 6 9
MAI = 3
All rights reserved 2003, Alcatel 28
1*3 reuse (4)

For each frequency group we have an own MA table With the group allocation from before, we get:
MA - Group A
MAI 0 1 2 ARFCN 1 4 7 10
MA - Group B
MAI 0 1 2 ARFCN 2 5 8 11
MA - Group C
MAI 0 1 2 ARFCN 3 6 9 12
29
3
1*2 reuse (1)

On a two sector site we may have only 2 frequency groups and
therefore only an 1*2 reuse. In a first step we allocate the frequencies according to the allocation scheme known from the 1*3 reuse
Group A 1
11
Group B 2
10 12
Problem: For max. possible RF load, all odd or even must be on air at the same time. This is not possible in this case, as all odd frequencies are in group A and all even in group B
1*2 reuse (2)

To have an equal distribution between odd and even frequencies
within one frequency group, we change every second frequency
Group A 1
11
Group A 1
12
Group B 2
10 12
Group B 2
10 11
To be done: MAIO assignment!

1*2 reuse (3)

To assign MAIOs we assume the FN 0, and circle as many
frequencies as TRXs are using this group. The circeled frequencies must fulfil the GSM intra site and intra cell constraint
MAIO TRX 1 Cell A 1 4 5 8
12
MAIO TRX 2
Cell B 2 3 6 7 10 11 MAIO TRX 3
32
1*4 - Exercise

The frequencies 1..24 are available (excluding BCCH freq.) 4 sectors on the site 3 TRXs are hopping in each cell Cells are syncronized in terms of FN
Create Hopping Groups and assign MAIOs!
33
Fractional Reuse 1*1
34
Reuse 1*1 - 3 sector site

In the reuse 1 case, we use all available frequencies (1..12) on each
cell of the site Intra site collisions are only avoided by the MAIO assignment
Cell A 1 Cell B 1 Cell C 1
2 3 4
5 6
7 7 7
8 9 10 11 12 8 9 10 11 12 8 9 10 11 12 MAIO of TRX 1
2 3 4 5 6
2 3 4 5 6
MAIO of TRX 2
......
... .... ... ....

..........................
35
Reuse 1*1 - 2 sector site

On a 2 sector site with 12 frequencies of course 3 TRXs per cell are
possible
Cell A 1
3 4
5 6
9 10 11 12
MAIO of TRX 1
MAIO of TRX 2
Cell B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 MAIO of TRX 3
36
Reuse 1*1 - Exercise

The frequencies 1..24 are available 4 sectors on the site 4 TRXs are hopping in each cell Cells are syncronized in terms of FN
Create Hopping Groups and assign MAIOs!
37
Summary: 1*2/1*3/1*4/
Cell A Cell A 1 ....... Cell B 2 .......
.......
Rotate the frequencies through the cells
Cell B
.......
Only necessary, if the number of frequency groups id even
Cell C
.......
....... .......
.......
Cell ...
... .......
.......
TRX 1
MAIO TRX 1 Cell B 2 ....... MAIO TRX 2 Cell A Cell B Cell C MAIO TRX 3 Cell ... ... ....... ....... ....... MAIO 4 5
TRX 2
TRX 3
Cell A
TRX ....
....... 0 1 0 1
2 3 2 3
4 5 4
....... ....... .......
Assign MAIOs according to the standard scheme for Reuse 1*X
Cell C
.......
Cell D .......
..... .......
....... ..... ..... .......
0
38
Summary: 1*1
Cell A 1
10
11 12 Standard MAIO assignment for Reuse 1*1
Cell B
10
11 12
MAIO of TRX 1
Cell C
10
11 12
MAIO of TRX 2
......
...
....
...
....
TRX 1 TRX 2 TRX 3 .... .......................... 0 2 TRX .... ....... ....... ....... .......
39
Cell A Rotate the MAIOs through the cells Cell B Cell C ..... .......
x+2 2x+4 ....... x+4 .... .... 2x+2
4
....... x
....
..... .....
FH parameter relation to Hardware - 1*3

Site Cells TRXs
MAIO (e.g. 0) Hopping TRX 1
Sector 1
Frequency Hopping Sequence A (e.g. 1,4,7,10)
FN (T1R, T2, T3) (0 84863)
Sector 2
HSN (0 63)
Frequency Hopping Sequence B (e.g. 2,5,8,11)
Sector 3
Frequency Hopping Sequence C (e.g. 3,6,9,12)
40
FH parameter relation to Hardware - 1*1

Site Cells TRXs
Sector 1
FN (T1R, T2, T3) (0 84864) HSN (0 63)
Frequency Hopping Sequence (e.g. 1,2,3,4,5, 6,7,8,10,11,12)
Sector 2
Sector 3
41
Alcatel BTS - Hopping concepts

A910 (M4M) - Evolium Micro BTS
RFH possible for each non BCCH TRX (max. 4 TRX within one sector)
A9110-E (M5M) Micro Base Station

BBH
RFH for each non BCCH TRX
A9100 - Evolium Macro BTS

BBH RFH for each non BCCH TRX
42
Implementation of Frequency Plan to the OMC-R

Directly using OMC-R
Frequencies are implemented manually in the OMC-R Used for small networks Using External Tools A955 RNO or Excel edit of PRC files (for small changes) Particularly A955 RNP offers its A955 PRC Generator Module to upload the frequency plan to the OMC-R (for massive changes)
Number of Cells 10 100 500 1000 2000 Time Estimation using OMC-R 1h22' 4h24' 17h50' 34h38' 68h14' Time Estimation using external tool 1h22' 4h26' 17h58' 34h55' 68h49'
43
RNP Extension: B7 Frequency Hopping
Frequency Hopping Parameters
44
BSS and CAE parameters

In the hopping case, RXQUAL does not reflect the real quality in the
network as explained before
To overcome this problem, Offsets are applied to RXQUAL

dedendent parameters Offset_Hopping_PC influences
L_RXQUAL_UL_P L_RXQUAL_DL_P
Offset_Hopping_HO influences
L_RXQUAL_UL_H
L_RXQUAL_DL_H
45
Default Parameters for SFH

Find hereafter the parameters which are different within hopping
networks Offset_Hopping_PC Offset_Hopping_HO = 1.0 = 1.0
HO_INTRACELL_ALLOWED = DISABLED
Note: Resolution of Offset_Hopping_XX is 0.1 since B6.2 ( 1 in B5.1 )
46
Quality indicator for FH (1)

The RXQUAL calculation takes only the BER before deinterleaving into account The benefit of FH is not visible in RXQUAL The higher probability to get into a fading notch (but for a shorter time) is leading to a worse RXQUAL then without hopping, except the non hopping frequency would be in a fading notch at this location FER - Frame Erasure Rate is counted after de-interleaving takes higher error correction possibilities due to FH into account
Quality indicator for FH (2)

Principle of quality indicator calculation within the mobile
Deinterleave DEMOD DECODER Error correct.
Frame Erasure Decision Voice Decoder
ENCODER
RXQUAL
Frame Erasure Rate FER Inside the mobile station
Air
48
Influence of FH on RXQUAL
7 6 5
Subjective speech quality is

good with RXQUAL=5 approximately:
RXQUAL_DL = f (RXLEV_DL)
Without Hopping With Hopping
RXQUAL(FH) = RXQUAL(no FH) + 1
RXQUAL
4 3 2 1 0
Offset_Hopping_PC and Offset_Hopping_HO are introduced for correcting this error. Resolution since B7.2: 0.1 Min value : 0; Max value : 7
49
-106
-102 -98
-110
-86
-74
RXLEV [dBm]
-50
-94
-90
-82
-78
-70
-66
-62
-58
-54
FH implementation via OMC-R 1353-RA (1)

One of the tasks of the OMC-R is the management of relationships
between a cell and its neighbouring cells in the network In the OMC-R it is done by the logical configuration management For example, it enables you to: Radio configuration including frequency allocation, frequency hopping schemes, TRX and logical channel configuration PC/HO parameters Import/Export
50
FH impl. via OMC-R 1353-RA (2)

B7.2 TRX configuration
Selecting hopping mode and MAIO
51
FH impl. via OMC-R 1353-RA (3)

B7.2 Frequency Allocation and FHS definition
Selecting cell hopping type
Selecting HSN
52
What about Your network?

How to start? Frequency Band and its subdivision Special Cells (micro-cells, concentric cells) Hopping useful?BBH or RFH? Problems (RF load, interference)/Solutions
Open Discussion
53

B7 RNP Extension Frequency Hopping Ed01 Modified

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Frequency Planning of Hopping Networks

Mobile Radio Network Planning

All rights reserved 2003, Alcatel

RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping

Reuse Cluster Size Definition for FH

Bandwidth Average amount of TRX per cell

Bandwidth FARCS Average amount of Frequencies per cell

RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping

Examples for ARCS

B 27 ARCS 9 # TRX / cell 3

Example: Group planning with 9 frequency groups, 3 frequencies each

RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping

Examples of FARCS (1)

Example: 3 frequency groups, 9 frequencies each

RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping

Examples of FARCS (2)

Example: 1 frequency group including all 27 frequencies

Frequency Planning of Hopping Networks

Creating Hopping Groups

Mobile Radio Network Planning

All rights reserved 2003, Alcatel

RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping

The GSM Hopping Sequence Generator

Mobile Radio Network Planning

All rights reserved 2003, Alcatel

RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping

Mobile Radio Network Planning

All rights reserved 2003, Alcatel

RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping

MAI - Mobile Allocation Index

Note: N is the number of frequencies used in the hopping sequence.

Mobile Radio Network Planning

All rights reserved 2003, Alcatel

RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping

MAIO - Mobile Allocation Index Offset

Mobile Radio Network Planning

All rights reserved 2003, Alcatel

RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping

MAIO - BBH Example (1)

FU 1 fhs_id, FU 2 fhs_id, FU 3 fhs_id, FU 4 fhs_id,

maio maio maio maio

TS 0 BCCH freq TCH 2, 0 TCH 2, 1 TCH 2, 2

TS 1 TCH 1, 0 SD/ 8 1, 1 TCH 1, 2 TCH 1, 3

TS 2 TCH 1, 0 TCH 1, 1 TCH 1, 2 TCH 1, 3

TS 3 TCH 1, 0 TCH 1, 1 TCH 1, 2 TCH 1, 3

TS 4 TCH 1, 0 TCH 1, 1 TCH 1, 2 TCH 1, 3

TS 4 TCH 1, 0 TCH 1, 1 TCH 1, 2 TCH 1, 3

TS 5 TCH 1, 0 TCH 1, 1 TCH 1, 2 TCH 1, 3

TS 6 TCH 1, 0 TCH 1, 1 TCH 1, 2 TCH 1, 3

TS 7 TCH 1, 0 TCH 1, 1 TCH 1, 2 TCH 1, 3

Mobile Radio Network Planning

All rights reserved 2003, Alcatel

RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping

MAIO - Example (2)

RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping

HSN - Hopping Sequence Number

Mobile Radio Network Planning

All rights reserved 2003, Alcatel

RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping

T1, T1R, T2, T3 - GSM internal timers

Mobile Radio Network Planning

All rights reserved 2003, Alcatel

Fractional Reuse 12, 13, 1*x