CDMA

Code Division Multiple Access

By/ Eng. Abd El-Monem Abd El-Ghany El-Bawab
2012

INTRODUCTION
Recommended prerequisites. Channel Access Methods. What is CDMA? CDMA system Over View. DS Spreading and Scrambling. Delay and synchronization.

RECOMMENDED PREREQUISITES
GSM. Digital Communication.

C H A N N E L AC C E S S M E T H O D S
Channel Access strategy. Why we need new access techniques. Channel Access types.
FDM / FDMA TDM / TDMA SDMA CDMA

Channel Access strategy

Divide the Radio spectrum Into channels ( Time, Freq. ). Allocate Those Channels Between Users( 1 channel or 2 ). Identify different users on the channel ( fixed, Dynamic )

WHY WE N EED N EW ACCESS TECHN IQUES

As we know, the spectrum (range of frequencies) available for wireless communications is fixed. The tremendous growth in consumer demand has translated into a dire need for increased capacity in wireless systems.

FDMA

TDMA

TDMA

TDMA / FDMA

SDMA

CDMA

CDMA

WHAT IS CDMA?
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). CDMA is a spread spectrum technology that uses digital code division, not frequency or time division, to realize multiple access. The Telecommunications Industries Association (TIA) has defined a standard that uses CDMA for cellular and PCS communications. It is called Interim Standard (IS) 95.

CDMA ADVANTAGES
CDMA technology offers a reliable way to meet increasing customer demand:
Voice quality Coverage characteristics Privacy

All at a reduced cost to both provider and subscriber.

CDMA ADVANTAGES
CDMA carriers can be used in the original cellular RF spectrum (about 850 MHz) and also in the newer personal communication system (PCS) spectrum (about 1.9 GHz).

CDMA SPREAD SPECTRUM

SPREAD SPECTRUM

SPREAD SPECTRUM

B I T S T R E A M M U LT I P L I C AT I O N
When the inputs to the multiplier b(t) and c(t) have the same bit rate, the output y(t) will also have the same bit rate. In this case the information signal b(t) is scrambled by the multiplier and the data rate remains the same.

B I T S T R E A M M U LT I P L I C AT I O N
When the input b(t) has a lower bit rate than the PN code c(t), the output of the multiplier y(t) will have the higher bit rate equal to the rate of c(t). In this case, the information signal b(t) is spread by the multiplier and the data rate increases.

BIT STREAM MUL.

b(t) c(t) = y(t) b(t) c(t) c(t) = b(t) y(t) c(t) = b(t)

bcc=b 111=1 1 -1 -1 = 1 -1 1 1 = -1 -1 -1 -1 = -1

S P R E A D I N G A N D P OW E R S P E C T R A L DENSITY

Spreading does not change total power. Spreading changes how the power is distributed over frequency.

PSEUDO -NOISE (PN) CODES