Copyright 2001

1
Content
Stress Transformation

A Mini Quiz

Strain Transformation
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Approximate Duration: 20 minutes
N. Sivakugan
Copyright 2001
Plane Stress Transformation
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Plane Stress Loading
x
y
~ where all elements of the body
are subjected to normal and shear
stresses acting along a plane (x-y);
none perpendicular to the plane (z-
direction)
o
z
= 0; t
xz
= 0; t
zy
= 0
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Plane Stress Loading
x
y
Therefore, the state of stress at a
point can be defined by the three
independent stresses:
o
x
; o
y
; and t
xy

o
x
o
y
t
xy
A
A
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Objective
A
x
y
o
x
o
y
t
xy
A
State of Stress at A
If o
x
, o
y
, and t
xy

are known,
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Objective
A
x
y
State of Stress at A
what would be
o
x
, o
y
, and t
xy
?


x
y
u
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Transformation
x
y
x
y
u
A
State of Stress at A
u
o
x

o
y

t
xy

t
xy

o
x
=?

t
xy
=?

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Transformation
u t u
o o o o
o 2 sin 2 cos
2 2
'
xy
y x y x
x
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
u t u
o o
t 2 os 2 in
2
' c s
xy
y x
xy
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
Solving equilibrium equations for the wedge
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Principal Planes & Principal Stresses
Principal Planes
~ are the two planes where the normal stress (o) is
the maximum or minimum
~ the orientations of the planes (u
p
) are given by:
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

y x
xy
p
o o
t
u
2
tan
2
1
1
gives two values (u
p1
and u
p2
)
~ there are no shear stresses on principal planes
~ these two planes are mutually perpendicular
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Principal Planes & Principal Stresses
x
u
p1

u
p2

90

Orientation of Principal Planes
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Principal Planes & Principal Stresses
Principal Stresses
~ are the normal stresses (o) acting on the principal planes
R
y x
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= =
2
1 max
o o
o o
R
y x

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= =
2
2 min
o o
o o
2
2
2
xy
y x
R t
o o
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
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Maximum Shear (t
max
)
~ maximum shear stress occurs on two mutually
perpendicular planes
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

xy
y x
s
t
o o
u
2
tan
2
1
1
gives two values (u
s1
and u
s2
)
~ orientations of the two planes (u
s
) are given by:
t
max
= R
2
2
2
xy
y x
R t
o o
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
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Maximum Shear
x
u
s1

u
s2

90

Orientation of Maximum Shear Planes
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Principal Planes & Maximum Shear Planes
x
Principal plane
Maximum shear plane
u
p
= u
s
45

45

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Mohr Circles
From the stress-transformation equations (slide 7),
2 2
2
'
2
' R
xy
y x
x
= +
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
t
o o
o
Equation of a circle, with
variables being o
x
and t
xy

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Mohr Circles
o
x

t
xy

(o
x
+ o
y
)/2
R
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Mohr Circles
A point on the Mohr circle represents the o
x

and t
xy
values on a specific plane.
u is measured counterclockwise from the
original x-axis.
Same sign convention for stresses as before.
i.e., on positive planes, pointing positive directions
positive, and .
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Mohr Circles
o
x

t
xy

u = 90

u = 0
u
When we rotate the
plane by 180

, we go a
full round (i.e., 360

,
on the Mohr circle.
Therefore.
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Mohr Circles
o
x

t
xy

..when we rotate the
plane by u

, we go 2u

on the Mohr circle.
u
2u
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Mohr Circles
o
x

t
xy

o
2

o
1

t
max

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From the three Musketeers
Get the sign
convention right
Mohr circle is a
simple but powerful
technique
Mohr circle represents the
state of stress at a point; thus
different Mohr circles for
different points in the body
Quit Continue
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A
40 kPa
200 kPa
60 kPa
The stresses at a point A are
shown on right.
A Mohr Circle Problem
Find the following:
major and minor principal stresses,
orientations of principal planes,
maximum shear stress, and
orientations of maximum shear stress planes.
A
40 kPa
200 kPa
60 kPa
o (kPa)
t (kPa)
R = 100
Drawing Mohr Circle
120
o (kPa)
t (kPa)
o
1
= 220
o
2
= 20
Principal Stresses
R = 100
o (kPa)
t (kPa)
t
max
=
100
Maximum Shear Stresses
A
40 kPa
200 kPa
60 kPa
o (kPa)
t (kPa)
R = 100
120
Positions of x & y Planes
on Mohr Circle
60
40
60
u
tan u = 60/80
u = 36.87

o (kPa)
t (kPa)
Orientations of Principal Planes

A
40 kPa
200 kPa
60 kPa
36.9

18.4

major principal
plane
71.6

minor principal
plane
Orientations of Max. Shear
Stress Planes

o (kPa)
t (kPa)
A
40 kPa
200 kPa
60 kPa
36.9

53.1

26.6

116.6

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Testing Times
Do you want to try a mini quiz?
Oh, NO! YES
Question 1:
A
30 kPa
90 kPa
40 kPa
The state of stress at a point A
is shown.
What would be the maximum
shear stress at this point?
Answer 1: 50 kPa
Press RETURN for the answer Press RETURN to continue
Question 2:
A
30 kPa
90 kPa
40 kPa
At A, what would be the
principal stresses?
Answer 2: 10 kPa, 110 kPa
Press RETURN for the answer Press RETURN to continue
Question 3:
A
30 kPa
90 kPa
40 kPa
At A, will there be any
compressive stresses?
Answer 3: No. The minimum normal stress is 10 kPa (tensile).
Press RETURN for the answer Press RETURN to continue
Question 4:
B
90 kPa
90 kPa
0 kPa
The state of stress at a point B
is shown.
What would be the maximum
shear stress at this point?
Answer 4: 0
This is hydrostatic state of
stress (same in all directions).
No shear stresses.
Press RETURN for the answer Press RETURN to continue
N. Sivakugan
Copyright 2001
Plane Strain Transformation
Copyright 2001
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Plane Strain Loading
x
y
~ where all elements of the body
are subjected to normal and shear
strains acting along a plane (x-y);
none perpendicular to the plane (z-
direction)
c
z
= 0;
xz
= 0;
zy
= 0
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Plane Strain Transformation
Similar to previous derivations. Just replace
o by c, and
t by /2
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Plane Strain Transformation
Sign Convention:
Shear strain ( ): decreasing angle positive
e.g.,
Normal strains (c
x
and c
y
): extension positive
x
y
before
x
y
after
c
x
positive

c
y
negative

positive
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Plane Strain Transformation
u

u
c c c c
c 2 sin
2
2 cos
2 2
'
xy y x y x
x
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
u

u
c c
2 os
2
2 in
2 2
'
c s
xy y x xy
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
Same format as the stress
transformation equations
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Principal Strains
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

y x
xy
p
c c

u
1
tan
2
1
Gives two values (u
p1
and u
p2
)
~ maximum (c
1
) and minimum (c
2
) principal strains
~ occur along two mutually perpendicular directions, given by:
R
y x
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
2
1
c c
c
R
y x

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
2
1
c c
c
2 2
2 2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
xy y x
R
c c
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Maximum Shear Strain (
max
)

max
/2 = R
2 2
2 2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
xy y x
R
c c
u
p
= u
s
45

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Mohr Circles
(c
x
+ c
y
)/2
R
c
x

xy

2
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Strain Gauge
electrical resistance
strain gauge
~ measures normal strain (c), from the change in
electrical resistance during deformation
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Strain Rosettes
~ measure normal strain (c) in three directions; use
these to find c
x
, c
y
, and
xy

e.g., 45

Strain Rosette
x
45

45

c
0

c
90

c
45

c
x
= c
0

c
y
= c
90

xy
= 2 c
45
(c
0
+
c
90
)

measured