Symbiosis represents an intimate mutually relation of organisms of different species. They develop together better than separately. Sometimes the adaptation of two organisms becomes so great, that they lose their ability to exist separately (symbiosis of the fungus and blue-green algae, nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
Symbiotic relationship
Normal microflora, or microbiota species that are generally found within the stable mixture of microbial community associated with particular body tissue is the result of a adaptation of microorganism to certain parts of the body 1.normal and constant microflora Resident floraMicrobes which can be repeatedly cultured from a given site over time
2.temporary (casual) microflora. Transient floraMicrobes which may initially inhabit a site after exposure, but do not persist
Colonization Establishment of a microbial population in the animal host
Skin flora
Coagulase-negative Staphylococci
S. epidermidis (opportunistic infections)
Skin "diphtheroids"
Corynebacterium species (opportunistic) Propionibacterium acnes (acne)
microbial
community
SKIN most abundant are non-pathogenic Staphylococcus, Sarcina; also occur Low water activity and fatty acids production Micrococcus, diphtheroids etc.; some limit numbers and types of fungi and Gram-negative bacteria microorganisms on the skin except in moist regions ( 80mln 1.2 bill.)
Patient 1
Anaerobes Aerobes Anaerobes
Patient 2
Aerobes
ORAL CAVITY
Suitable pH weakly alkaline and tC favourable medium, food substances, action of lysozyme
Oral flora
"Viridans" streptococci (endocarditis)
160 species:
Dental caries
Major etiological agent Streptococcus mutans Disease loss of tooth enamel, dentin abscess formation, loss of tooth Pathogenesis Formation of dental plaque (biofilm), calculus (deposition of salts) Bacterial biofilm, numerous species Production of extracellular polysaccharide polymers
http://www.dent.umich.edu/research/loeschelabs/c
Factors influencing microbial Normal Bacterial Flora of the Skin Is Predominantly Anaerobic community composition Ability to resist nonspecific Upper respiratory tract (nasal cavity defenses salivas Skin Cultures from Forearm and nasopharynx) mostly Streptococci bactericidal features Aerobic (St. pyogenes, St. pneumoniae); also occur (lysozymes), mucus Neisseria, Haemophilus, Bacteroids, adsorption, phagocytosis by Staphylococci 1 leucocytes Subject Anaerobic
Lower respiratory tract none alveoli and bronchi are usually sterile Phagocytic Aerobic cells prevent colonization
Subject 2 Anaerobic
Vaginal tract Lactobacilli (Doderlein rods), Fusobacterium, Staphylococci, Streptococci, Bacteroids, yeast etc.
Large surface area and secretions of nutrients; acidity and bactericidal secrets limits species within population
Bacterial Vaginosis
Pathogenesis: abnormal vaginal flora
association with absence of H2O2 producing Lactobacillus species (L. crispatus) elevated vaginal pH predominance of Gardnerella vaginalis
Gram variable coccobacilli (Gram positive structure)
production of amines (trimethylamine) induces transudation and exfoliation of epithelial cells degradation of mucins producing thin homogenous discharge
Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli
Bacterial Vaginosis
Diagnosis observation of "clue cell" on microscopic examination of vaginal smear ( Gram stain), adherent grayish discharge, production of volatile malodorous amines on addition of KOH vaginal pH > 4.5
"clue cell
microbial
STOMACH mostly Lactobacteria, also occur Campylobacteria, Fungi, Sarcina and others. May be - Helicobacter pylori
Acidic pH, digestive enzymes limit the number of species pH-2,5 100 cells \ml pH-4,5 10000 cells\ml secretions,
SMALL INTESTINE Gall, mucus Lactobacteria, Enterococci, E. secretory IgA coli, Bifidobacteria etc. few species
LARGE INTESTINE (bowel) around 200 spp: I obligate non-spore-forming anaerobes (Bifidobacteria and Bacteroids) 96 99 %; II facultative anaerobes (E. coli, Lactobacilli, Enterococci); III very few Staphylococci, Proteus, Candida, Clostridium, Pseudomonas;
About one-third of the dry weight of the faeces of is made up of microbes. Daily, an adult human excretes about 17 million billion micro-organisms with the excrements.
LARGE INTESTINE
Representatives Quantity (in norm)in 1g
109-1011 (85-95%)
Bifidobacteria
Bifidobacterin Bificol
Lactobacterin Colibacterin
Bioflorin( Italy)
Bactisubtil
b.) production of allelopathic substances (bacteriocins, fatty acids, lactic acid etc.) c.) synthesis of nutrients essential to the host (vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, K etc.) d.) participation in metabolism of some compounds (cholesterol, gall acids, vitamins)
Imbalance of microbiota (e. g. by antibiotics) could lead to development of disease (disbacteriosis, psudomembranous enterocolitis etc.) administration of normal microflora preparations probiotics: colibacterin lactobacterin bifidobacterin bificol acelact Normal microbiota under certain conditions could lead to the development of indigenous infections
Parasitism
(parasitos sponger)
Bdellovibrio
BACTERIOPHAGES
viruses whose host is a bacterial cell CLASSIFICATION OF PHAGES Origin Genome single-stranded double-stranded DNA RNA
Gr.1 DNA containing, lyze bacteria with F- plazmids Gr.2 small RNA containing Gr.3 - odd (3,7 ) T-phages with short tail Gr.4 odd (1,5 ) -phage tail is contractil Gr.5 even (2,4,6 ) DNA containing, tail is contractil
Morphology
Type of interaction with bacterial host 1.Lytic phage (virulent) 2.Temperate phage (lysogenic)
STAGES OF PHAGE REPLICATION Specific adsorption Penetration and uncoating Establishment of phage genome Phage proteins and NA synthesis Assembly Release
APPLICATION OF PHAGES Therapy Prophylactic Typing, diagnostic Gene engineering DIAGNOSTIC Identification of certain bacteriophage in sample Identification of microorganism species in sample Phage typing identification of strain and source of the pathogen.
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