Chandrayaan -1

configuration)
Organization
                                  

Indian Space Research Organization

Mission type Orbiter

Satellite of Moon
Launch date 22 October 2008 from Sriharikota, India
Launch vehicle PSLV-C11
Mission duration 2 years
NSSDC ID 2008-052A
Home page Chandrayaan-1
Mass 523 kg (1,153 lb)

Orbital Elements
Eccentricity near circular
Inclination polar
Apoapsis initial 7,500 km (4,660 mi), final 100 km (62 mi)
Periapsis initial 500 km (311 mi), final 100 km (62 mi)

Introduction
Chandrayaan-1, journey to moon is an unmanned lunar exploration mission by the Indian
Space Research Organization (ISRO), India's national space agency. It is also India's first
mission to the moon. The mission includes a lunar orbiter and an impactor. The spacecraft
was launched by a modified version of the PSLV Xl on 22 October 2008 from Satish Dhawan
Space Centre, Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. "Chandrayaan" roughly translates to "lunar-
sojourn" in many Indian languages.

 The remote sensing satellite weighs 1,380 kilograms (3,042 lb) (590 kilograms (1,301 lb)

initial orbit mass and 504 kilograms (1,111 lb) dry mass) and carries high resolution remote
sensing equipment for visible, near infrared, soft and hard X-ray frequencies. Over a two-
year period, it is intended to survey the lunar surface to produce a complete map of its
chemical characteristics and 3-dimensional topography. The polar regions are of special
interest, as they might contain ice.

 The spacecraft was successfully launched on 22 October 2008 at 06:23 IST (00:52 UTC).
The estimated cost for the project is Rs.3.86 billion (US$ 80 million).

 The mission includes five ISRO payloads and six payloads from other international space
agencies including NASA, ESA, and the Bulgarian Aerospace Agency, which are being
carried free of cost.
Objectives
The stated scientific objectives of the mission are:

 To design, develop and launch and orbit a spacecraft around the Moon using Indian
made launch vehicle.

 Conduct scientific experiments using instruments on-board the spacecraft which will
yield the following results:

 To prepare a three-dimensional atlas (with high spatial and altitude resolution of 5-10
m) of both near and far side of the moon.

 To conduct chemical and mineralogical mapping of the entire lunar surface for
distribution of mineral and chemical elements such as Magnesium, Aluminum,
Silicon, Calcium, Iron and Titanium as well as high atomic number elements such as
Radon, Uranium & Thorium with high spatial resolution.

 To Impact a sub-satellite ( Moon Impact Probe -MIP ) on the surface on the Moon as a
fore-runner to future soft landing missions.
Specifications
 After full integration, the Chandrayaan-1
spacecraft (left) is seen being loaded into the
Thermovac Chamber (right)

Mass
 1380 kg at launch, 675 kg at lunar orbit, and 523
kg after releasing the impactor.

Dimensions
 Cuboid in shape of approximately 1.5 m
 Communications
 X band, 0.7 m diameter parabolic antenna for
payload data transmission. The Telemetry,
Tracking & Command (TTC) communication
operates in S band frequency.

Power
 The spacecraft is mainly powered by its solar
array, which includes one solar panel covering a
total area of 2.15 x 1.8 m generating 700 W of
power, which is stored in a 36 A·h Lithium-ion
battery.The spacecraft uses a bipropellant
integrated propulsion system to reach lunar orbit
as well as orbit and altitude maintenance while
orbiting the Moon.
Specific areas of study
 High-resolution mineralogical and
chemical imaging of permanently
shadowed north and south polar regions.

 Search for surface or sub-surface water-

ice on the Moon, specially at lunar poles.

 Identification of chemical end members of

lunar high land rocks.

 Chemical stratigraphy of lunar crust by

remote sensing of central upland of large
lunar craters, South Pole Aitken Region
(SPAR) etc., where interior material may
be expected.

 To map the height variation of the lunar

surface features along the satellite track.

 Observation of X-ray spectrum greater

than 10 keV and stereographic coverage
of most of the Moon's surface with 5m
resolution

 To provide new insights in understanding

the Moon's origin and evolution.
Areas of study
Payloads
1.Payloads (Indian)
 The Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC) is a CCD camera with 5 m resolution and a
40 km swath in the panchromatic band and will be used to produce a high-
resolution map of the Moon. The aim of this instrument is to completely map the
topography of the moon. The camera works in the visible region of the
electromagnetic spectrum and captures black and white stereo images. When
used in conjunction with data from Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI), it can
help in better understanding of the lunar gravitational field as well. TMC is built
by ISRO's Space Applications Centre (SAC) of Ahmedabad TMC was successfully
tested on 29 October 2008 through a set of commands issued from ISTRAC.

 The Hyper Spectral Imager (HySI) will perform mineralogical mapping in the
400-900 nm band with a spectral resolution of 15 nm and a spatial resolution of
80 m.

 The Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI) will determine the surface
topography. An X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (C1XS) covering 1- 10 keV with
a ground resolution of 25 km and a Solar X-ray Monitor (XSM) to detect solar
flux in the 1–10 keV range. C1XS will be used to map the abundance of Mg, Al, Si
, Ca, Ti, and Fe at the surface, and will monitor the solar flux. This payload is a
collaboration between Rutherford Appleton laboratory, U.K, ESA and ISRO.

 A High Energy X-ray/gamma ray spectrometer (HEX) for 30- 200 keV
measurements with ground resolution of 40 km, the HEX will measure U, Th,
210Pb, 222Rn degassing, and other radioactive elements

 The Moon Impact Probe (MIP) developed by the ISRO, is a small satellite that will
2.Payloads (Foreign )
 SARA, The Sub-keV Atom Reflecting Analyser from the ESA will map composition
using low energy neutral atoms sputtered from the surface.

 M3, the Moon Mineralogy Mapper from Brown University and JPL (funded by NASA) is
an imaging spectrometer designed to map the surface mineral composition.

 SIR-2, A near infrared spectrometer from ESA, built at the Max Planck Institute for
Solar System Research, Polish Academy of Science and University of Bergen, will also
map the mineral composition using an infrared grating spectrometer. The instrument
will be similar to that of the Smart-1 SIR.

 MINSAR, designed, built and tested for NASA by a large team that includes the Naval
Air Warfare Center, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Sandia
National Laboratories, Raytheon and Northrop Grumman; it is the active SAR system
to search for lunar polar ice. The instrument will transmit right polarised radiation
with a frequency of 2.5 GHz and will monitor the scattered left and right polarised
radiation. The Fresnel reflectivity and the circular polarisation ratio (CPR) are the key
parameters deduced from these measurements. Ice shows the Coherent Backscatter
Opposition Effect which results in an enhancement of reflections and CPR, so that
water content of the Moon polar region can be estimated.

 RADOM-7, Radiation Dose Monitor Experiment from the Bulgarian Academy of

Sciences maps the radiation environment around the Moon.
Men behind the
mission
 The scientists considered instrumental to the success of the
Chandrayaan-1 project are
 G. Madhavan Nair – Chairman, Indian Space Research
Organisation
 T. K. Alex – Director, ISAC (ISRO Satellite Centre)
 Mylswamy Annadurai – Project director
 S. K. Shivkumar – Director - Telemetry, Tracking and
Command Network.
 George Koshi –Mission Director
 Srinivasa Hegde – Mission Director
 M Y S Prasad – Associate Director of the Sriharikota
Complex and Range Operations Director
 J N Goswami – Director of the Ahmedabad-based Physical
Research Laboratory and Principal Scientific Investigator of
Chandrayaan-1
 Narendra Bhandari – Head, ISRO`s Planetary Sciences and
Exploration program.
Chandrayaan II
 The ISRO is also planning a
second version of Chandrayaan
named Chandrayaan II. According
to ISRO Chairman G. Madhavan
Nair, "The Indian Space Research
Organisation (ISRO) hopes to land
a motorised rover on the Moon in
2009 or 2010, as a part of its
second Chandrayaan mission. The
rover will be designed to move on
wheels on the lunar surface, pick
up samples of soil or rocks, do in
site chemical analysis and send
the data to the mother-spacecraft
Chandrayaan II, which will be
orbiting above. Chandrayaan II
will transmit the data to Earth.“
NASA Lunar Outpost

 According to Ben Bussey, senior

staff scientist at the Johns Hopkins
University Applied Physics
Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland,
Chandrayaan's imagery will be
used to decide the future Lunar
outpost that NASA has recently
announced. Bussey told
SPACE.com, "India's
Chandrayaan-1 lunar orbiter has a
good shot at further identifying
possible water ice-laden spots
with a US-provided low-power
imaging radar." Bussey advised —
one of two US experiments on the
Indian Moon probe. "The idea is
that we find regions of interest
with Chandrayaan-1 radar. We
would investigate those using all
the capabilities of the radar on
NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance
Orbiter", Bussey added, "a Moon
probe to be launched late in
Reactions and
Statements
 Indian President Pratibha Patil, Vice President of India Mohammad
Hamid Ansarisent congratulatory messages to the space scientists
for the successful launch.
 Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh sent congratulatory
messages to the space scientists for the successful launch. and L.
K. Advani, the leader of opposition congratulated the ISRO
scientists on launch.
 The Chief Minister of Gujarat Narendra Modi, visited the ISRO
centre in Ahmedabad and congratulated the Indian scientists on
their achievement.
 The Chief Minister of Karnataka B. S. Yeddyurappa, visited the
ISRO Indian Deep Space Network in Byalalu and congratulated the
Madhavan Nair and his team on their achievement.
 NASA Administrator Michael D. Griffin congratulated Indian
scientists: "Congratulations to our Indian colleagues on the
successful launch of the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft, which is
carrying two NASA instruments. India's first lunar mission will
provide important insight."
Recent Update
 The Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC) was successfully operated on
29 October 2008 through a set of commands issued from ISTRAC.
picture) was used to
launch Chandrayaan-1.
Rocketing Evolution
 Space flight
 Chandrayaan-1 was launched on 22 October 2008 at 6.22 am IST from Satish
Dhawan Space Centre using ISRO's 44.4 metre tall four-stage PSLV launch
rocket. Chandrayaan will take 15 days to reach the lunar orbit. ISRO's telemetry,
tracking and command network (ISTRAC) at Peenya in Bangalore, will be tracking and
controlling Chandrayaan-1 over the next two years of its life span.

 Since its launch, Chandrayaan has performed several engine burns, moving it into
the designated geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) around earth and has successfully
communicated with base center.
 Chandrayaan-1 completed four orbits around the Earth, on 23 October: “The health of
the spacecraft is normal and (it is) doing fine. Spinning in elliptical orbit once in every
6 hours and 30 minutes, it has completed four orbits and is in the fifth orbit.”

 The first orbit-raising maneuver of Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft was performed at

09:00 hrs IST on 23 October 2008 when the spacecraft’s 440 Newton Liquid Engine
was fired for about 18 minutes by commanding the spacecraft from Spacecraft
Control Centre (SCC) at ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) at
Peenya, Bangalore. With this engine firing, Chandrayaan-1’s apogee has been raised
to 37,900 km, while its perigee has been raised a little, to 305 km. In this orbit,
Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft takes about 11 hours to go round the Earth once.

 The second orbit-raising manoeuvre of Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft was carried out on

25 October 2008 at 05:48 IST when the spacecraft’s 440 Newton Liquid Engine was
fired for about 16 minutes by commanding the spacecraft from Spacecraft Control
Centre (SCC) at ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) at
Peenya, Bangalore. With this engine firing, Chandrayaan-1’s apogee has been further
raised to 74,715 km, while its perigee has been raised to 336 km, thus completing 20
percent of its journey. In this orbit, Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft takes about twenty-five
Space flight
(continued)
 The third orbit-raising manoeuvre was initiated on 26 October 2008 at
07:08 IST. The Liquid Apogee Motor was fired for about nine and a half
minutes. With this, Chandrayaan-1 entered a much higher elliptical orbit
around the Earth. The apogee of this orbit lies at 164,600 km, instead of
199,277 km apogee as originally announced by the Indian Space Research
Organisation (ISRO), while the perigee is at 348 km. In this orbit,
Chandrayaan-1 takes about 73 hours to go round the Earth once.
 The fourth orbit-raising manoeuvre was carried out on October 29, 2008 at
07:38 IST. The spacecraft's liquid engine was fired for about three minutes,
raising it to a more elliptical orbit whose apogee lies at 267,000 km while
the perigee lies at 465 km. This makes its present orbit extends more than
half the way to moon. In this orbit, the spacecraft takes about six days to
go round the Earth once.
Mapping Camera
Tested
 The Terrain Mapping camera (TMC) on board Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft
was successfully operated on October 29, 2008 through a series of
commands issued from the Spacecraft Control Centre of ISRO Telemetry,
Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) at Bangalore. Analysis of the
first imagery received by the Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) at Byalalu
and later processed by Indian Space Science Data Centre (ISSDC) confirms
excellent performance of the camera.The first imagery (image 1) taken at
8:00 am IST from a height of 9,000 km shows the Northern coast of
Australia while the other (image 2) taken at 12:30 pm from a height of
70,000 km shows Australia’s Southern Coast.

 TMC is one of the eleven scientific instruments (payloads) of Chandrayaan-

1. The camera can take black and white pictures of an object by recording
the visible light reflected from it. The instrument has a resolution of about
5 metres.

 Besides TMC, the other four Indian payloads of Chandrayaan-1 are the
Hyper spectral Imager (HySI), Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI), High
Energy X-ray Spectrometer (HEX) and the Moon Impact Probe (MIP). The
other six payloads of Chandrayaan-1 are from abroad.

 It may be recalled that the 1380 kg Chandrayaan-1 was successfully

Image-1
 The first image taken at
8:00 am IST from a height
of 9,000 km shows the
Northern coast of Australia.
Image-2
 The second image taken at
12:30 pm from a height of
70,000 km shows
Australia’s Southern Coast.
 By
Sahil
IX-A