Igneous Rocks

IGNEOUS ROCKS
Igneous Rocks form by crystallization of molten rock material Molten rock material below Earths surface is called magma Molten rock material erupted above Earths surface is called lava The name changes because the composition of the molten material changes as it is erupted due to escape of volatile gases

Rock Forming Minerals

1200C
Continuous branch

High
Temperature decreases SiO2 of liquid increases

Discontinuous branch

Olivine Ca-rich

Pyroxene

Amphibole

Ca-Na-rich Na-Ca-rich K-feldspar Na-rich

Intermediate

Biotite
Muscovite

Low

Quartz

700C
BOWENS REACTION SERIES

Rock Forming Minerals

Discontinuous branch

Olivine
Continuous branch Ca-rich

Pyroxene

Amphibole

Ca-Na-rich Na-Ca-rich K-feldspar Na-rich

Biotite Muscovite

Quartz

BOWENS REACTION SERIES

Rock Forming Minerals

High Temperature Mineral Suite Olivine Isolated Tetrahedra Structure Iron, magnesium, silicon, oxygen Bowens Discontinuous Series Augite Single Chain Structure (Pyroxene) Iron, magnesium, calcium, silicon, aluminium, oxygen Bowens Discontinuos Series

Calcium Feldspar Framework Silicate Structure (Plagioclase) Calcium, silicon, aluminium, oxygen Bowens Continuous Series

Rock Forming Minerals

Intermediate Temperature Mineral Suite Hornblende Double Chain Structure (Amphibole) Iron, magnesium, calcium, silicon, aluminium, oxygen Bowens Discontinuos Series Biotite Sheet Silicate Structure (Mica) Iron, magnesium, potassium, silicon, aluminium, oxygen Bowens Discontinuos Series Sodium Feldspar Framework Silicate Structure (Plagioclase) Sodium, silicon, aluminium, oxygen Bowens Continuous Series

Rock Forming Minerals

Low Temperature Mineral Suite Muscovite Sheet Silicate Structure (Mica) Calcium, potassium, silicon, aluminium, oxygen Bowens Discontinuos Series

Potassium Feldspar Framework Silicate Structure (Orthoclase) Potassium, silicon, aluminium, oxygen Bowens Continuous Series Quartz Framework Silicate Structure Silicon, oxygen Last to crystallize from magma

Rock Forming Minerals

Bowens Reaction Series
Discontinuous branch

Olivine
Continuous branch Ca-rich

Pyroxene

Amphibole

Ca-Na-rich Na-Ca-rich K-feldspar Na-rich

Biotite Muscovite

Quartz

BOWENS REACTION SERIES

Rock Forming Minerals

Bowens Reaction Series

Rock Forming Minerals

Bowens Reaction Series

Effect of Cooling Rate on Crystal Size

Crystals are formed by ions arranged in orderly patterns Crystal size is determined by the rate of cooling Extremely fast cooling Fast cooling Slow cooling

Effect of Cooling Rate on Crystal Size

Extremely fast cooling Forms glass, not crystals Occurs above Earths surface under water or ice Yields obsidian, volcanic glass

Effect of Cooling Rate on Crystal Size

Fast cooling Forms very small invisible crystals Crystallized out less slowly Magma moved more rapidly Occurs closer to Earths surface Typical in small intrusions and conduit

Effect of Cooling Rate on Crystal Size

Slow cooling Forms large, visible crystals The slower the cooling rate, the larger the crystals formed Occurs below Earths surface Typical of plutonic rocks

Where do the igneous rocks form?

Volcanic (Extrusive) Igneous Rocks

Plutonic (intrusive) Igneous Rocks

Where do the igneous rocks form?

Plutonic (intrusive) Igneous Rocks

Plutonic (intrusive) Igneous Rocks Form by crystallization of molten rock material below Earths surface

Coarse-grained plutonic rocks Crystallized out very slowly in large magma chambers 12-20 km beneath Earths surface

Fine-grained plutonic rocks Crystallized out less slowly, more rapidly, in small intrusions and conduits closer to Earths surface

Where do the igneous rocks form?

Plutonic (intrusive) Igneous Rocks

Where do the igneous rocks form?

Plutonic (intrusive) Igneous Rocks

Laccoliths are masses of igneous rock between layers of the surrounding rock

Where do the igneous rocks form?

Plutonic (intrusive) Igneous Rocks

Dikes and Sills are tabular intrusive bodies. Dikes cut across layer of the surrounding rock Sills are injected between layers of strata

Where do the igneous rocks form?

Volcanic (extrusive) Igneous Rocks

Volcanic (Extrusive) Igneous Rocks Form by crystallization of molten rock material above Earths surface

Lavas are flowing out (extruded)

Pyroclastic volcanic rocks are blasted out

Ash is very finegrained pyroclastic material

Blocks are large solid blocks that are blasted out

Bombs are large molten blocks that are blasted out

Where do the igneous rocks form?

Volcanic (extrusive) Igneous Rocks A lava fountain and rapidly flowing basalt

AA, a jagged-surfaced form of basalt that crystallizes out at the end of a basalt flow

Pahoehoe, a smooth-surfaced, ropy form of basalt that crystallizes out near the beginning of a basalt flow Basalt, a mafic composition lava

Where do the igneous rocks form?

Volcanic (extrusive) Igneous Rocks

Andesite flow, Mexico

Andesite flow, Cascade Range, Oregon

Andesite, an intermediate composition lava

Where do the igneous rocks form?

Volcanic (extrusive) Igneous Rocks

Rhyolite dome, Mono Craters, California Rhyolite flow showing columnar jointing, MacDougalls Island, New Brunswick
Rhyolite, a felsic composition lava

Where do the igneous rocks form?

Volcanic (extrusive) Igneous Rocks

Pyroclastic Eruption, Eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington, 1980

Where do the igneous rocks form?

Volcanic (extrusive) Igneous Rocks

Other Notable Pryoclastic Volcanic Eruptions

Igneous Rocks Texture

A phaneritic texture Consists of visible grains Is formed by very slow cooling below Earths surface Characteristic of plutonic igneous rocks i.e. gabbro, diabase, diorite, granite

Igneous Rocks Texture

Aphanitic texture Consists of invisible grains formed by fast rate of cooling Characteristic of the lavas: basalt, andesite, rhyolite

Igneous Rocks Texture

Glassy texture Consists of visible grains Is not crystalline, is formed by extremely rapid cooling Characteristic of Obsidian

Igneous Rocks Texture

Vesicular texture Is bubbly, formed by trapped bubbles of gas Characteristic of scoria (vesicular basalt) and pumice (vesicular rhyolite)

Igneous Rocks Texture

Porphyritic texture Consists of phaneritic (visible) grains in an aphanitic matrix
Phaneritic crystals form by very slow cooling below Earths surface Aphanitic crystals form by very rapid cooling above Earths surface

Characteristic of the lavas: basalt, andesite, rhyolite Formed when a lava is erupted as a crystal mush

Texture and where they form

ABOVE EARTHS SURFACE

Based on Where They Form and Their Texture

Glassy Texture Vesicular Texture Plutonic (intrusive) Igneous Rocks CLOSER EARTHS SURFACE

Volcanic (Extrusive) Igneous Rocks

Aphanitic Texture

Porphyritic Texture

Phaneritic Texture

BELOW EARTHS SURFACE

Igneous Rocks Composition

Dunit (Olivine rich)

Ultramafic Means rich in magnesium and iron Is the average composition of Earths mantle Composed of olivine and augite Example: peridotite

Harzburgit (Pyroxene rich)

Igneous Rocks Composition

Mafic Means rich in magnesium, iron, and/or calcium Is the average composition of oceanic crust Composed of olivine, augite, and calcium, plagioclase feldspar Examples: basalt, diabase, and gabbro

Igneous Rocks Composition

Intermediate Means half mafic, half felsic Is the composition of a mixture of oceanic and continental crust? Composed of hornblende and calcium-sodium plagioclase feldspar Examples: andesite and diorite

Igneous Rocks Composition

Felsic Means rich in feldspar and silica Is the average composition of continental crust Composed of potassium feldspar, sodium plagioclase feldspar, quartz Examples: rhyolite and granite

Classification and naming of igneous rocks

Identification of Plutonic Igneous Rocks

Plutonic Rocks
Phaneritic texture

Mafic composition Dark gray

Intermediate composition Medium gray, ~ 50:50 black and white

Felsic composition Light gray or pink

Diabase
(fine-grained)

Diorite

Granite

Gabbro
(coarse-grained)

Classification and naming ofIgneous Rocks Identification of Volcanic igneous rocks

Identification of Plutonic Igneous Rocks

Volcanic Rocks
Vesicular texture
Glassy texture Aphanitic matrix

Scoria
Mafic composition
Dark gray

Obsidian

Pumice
Felsic composition
Light gray

The lavas

Basalt
Mafic composition Dark gray

Andesite
Intermediate composition Medium gray or greenish gray Usually porphyritic

Rhyolite
Felsic composition Light gray or pink

ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

TEXTURE Phaneritic Aphanitic

PERIDOTITE

Discontinuous branch

GABBRO

Olivine Continuous branch

Ca-rich

Temperature decreases

SiO2 of liquid increases

Pyroxene

Amphibole

Na-Ca-rich

Biotite

Muscovite

K-feldspar

Na-rich RHYOLITE

Quartz

BOWENS REACTION SERIES

Plutonic Volcanic ORIGIN

GRANITE

DIORITE

Ca-Na-rich

ANDESITE BASALT

Classification and naming of igneous rocks

Obsidian (volcanic glass)

Scoria (vesicular basalt)

Pumice (vesicular rhyolite)

Basalt

Porphyritic Andesite

Rhyolite

Gabbro

Diorite

Granite