Leadership

Chapter 4 Joining Together

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson

2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

What Makes a Leader a Leader?

What is a leader? What is leadership? Who do you think of when hearing the word leader?
What makes a leader a leader? Genetic traits? Style of leadership? Ability to influence others? Occupation of position of authority? Ability to provide helpful behaviors in diverse situations?
Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

>A leader is a person who can influence others to be more effective in working to achieve their mutual goals and maintain effective working relationship among members.

>Leadership is the process through which leaders exert such influence.

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson

2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Being a leader and exerting leadership takes skill.

Leadership skills are your ability to help the group achieve its goals ad maintain effective working relationship.
Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Theories of Leadership
Trait theories Organizational leadership Situational theories of leadership Leadership styles

Influence theory of leadership

Role position theory of leadership

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson

2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Trait Theories of Leadership

Leaders

are born, not made. Great man/woman Which traits are essential for leadership? Findings: intelligence, initiative, sense of humor, extroversion, personal adjustment, etc. BUT little predictive or diagnostic value

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson

2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

 Leadership is defined as a unique aspect of extraordinary individuals whose actions and decisions are sometimes capable of radically changing the history. The traits of a leader are who have energy, drive, self-confidence, and determination.
Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

 Unlimited number of traits can be identified Different traits are needed under different Problems with conditions the trait theory: great leaders are identified after the fact (not predicted)

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson

2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Charismatic and Machiavellian Leaders

Charismatic leaders have:

An extraordinary vision they are able to communicate well Unusual power of leadership Sense of mission, a belief in the social change movement they lead Self-confidence
2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson

 People are basically weak, fallible, and gullible and not really trustworthy Machiavellian Others are impersonal objects leaders One should believe: manipulate others when necessary in order to achieve ones goals
Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Leadership Styles
Lewin, Lippitt, and White (1939)s classic study on the relationship between leadership style and productivity

Unlimited number of styles can be identified

Different styles of leadership may be effective under different circumstances

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

 Style:

refers to the way in which smtg is said or done. Three main styles of leadership: autocratic leader, democratic leader, and laissez faire leader.

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson

2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Autocratic leader: dictate others and determine all policy without involving group members in decision making. Democratic leader set policy through group discussion and decision, encouraging and helping group members to interact, requesting the cooperation of others, and being considerate of members feeling and needs.

Laissez- faire leader do not participate at all in their groups decision making process.
Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The most effective style: shows concern for the well being and contributions of group members while at the same time initiating group structure by clearly defining ones role as a leader and what one expects from the other members.
Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Influence Theory of Leadership

Leader: a group member exerting more influence on other group members than they exert on him Reciprocal role relationship between leaders and followers

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson

2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Leadership is influencing other group members. The leader receives status, recognition, esteem, and other reinforcement for contributing his or her resources to the accomplishment of the groups goals. The followers obtain the leaders resources and ability to structure the groups activities twd the attainment of a goal.
Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The leader provides structure, direction, and resources.

The followers provide respect and reinforcement.

Leaders should not influence through coercion and domination. The influence of leader is directed towards persuading group members to cooperate in setting and achieving goals.

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson

2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Role Position Approach to Leadership

Leader: a person who holds a position of authority.
Authority is the legitimate power assigned to a particular position to ensure that individuals in subordinate positions meet the requirement of their organizational roles.
Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Problems:

Unclear how someone gets into a leadership position Leaders dont always display leadership behaviors, and subordinates often engage in leadership actions Subordinates will be influenced by outsiders
2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson

Situational Theories of Leadership

Leadership is provided by group members varying their behavior to provide the actions a group needs at that specific time.

The distributed actions theory of leadership Any group member may become a leader by taking action to help the group Any leadership action can be fulfilled by different members Leadership is specific to a particular group in a particular situation
2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson

Hersey and Blanchards Theory of Situational Leadership

P. Hersey & K. Blanchard, Management of organizational behavior: Utilizing human resources, 3rd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1977)

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson

2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Organizational Leadership
Challenge the status quo Inspire a clear mutual vision Empower members through cooperative teamwork

Lead by example
Encourage the hearts of group members to persist
Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Summary
Small

group leadership has been conceptualized in lots of different ways Organizational leadership involves challenging the status quo, inspiring a mutual vision, empowering members through teams, leading by example, and by encouraging the heart Leadership and participation need to be distributed among all group members
Higher productivity (the resources of all members are used) Commitment to implementing the group decisions Satisfaction with group membership

Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 10e David W. Johnson & Frank P. Johnson

2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.