CHAPTER 2: DC Circuit Analysis

and AC Circuit Analysis

(AC Circuit analysis)

Motivation
Sinusoids features
Phasors
Phasor relationships for circuit
elements
Impedance and admittance
Kirchhoffs laws in the frequency
domain
Impedance combinations
SINUSOIDAL STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS
SINUSOIDAL AND PHASOR

Continued

Basic Approach
Nodal Analysis
Mesh Analysis
Thevenin Equivalent Circuits
A sinusoid is a signal that has the form of
the sine or cosine function.
A general expression for the sinusoid,








where
Vm = the amplitude of the sinusoid
= the angular frequency in radians/s
= the phase
Sinusoids
) sin( ) ( | e + = t V t v
m
Continued
A periodic function is one that satisfies v(t) = v(t +
nT), for all t and for all integers n.
e
t 2
= T
Hz
T
f
1
=
f t e 2 =
Only two sinusoidal values with the same
frequency can be compared by their amplitude
and phase difference.
If phase difference is zero, they are in phase; if
phase difference is not zero, they are out of
phase.
Example 1

Given a sinusoid, , calculate
its amplitude, phase, angular frequency,
period, and frequency.
Solution:

Amplitude = 5, phase = 60
o
,
angular frequency = 4t rad/s, Period
= 0.5 s, frequency = 2 Hz.
) 60 4 sin( 5
o
t t
Continued
Example 2

Find the phase angle between
and , does i
1
lead or lag
i
2
?
) 25 377 sin( 4
1
o
t i + =
) 40 377 cos( 5
2
o
t i =
Solution:

Since sin(t+90
o
) = cos t




therefore, i
1
leads i
2
155
o
.
) 50 377 sin( 5 ) 90 40 377 sin( 5
2
o o o
t t i + = + =
) 205 377 sin( 4 ) 25 180 377 sin( 4 ) 25 377 sin( 4
1
o o o o
t t t i + = + + = + =
Continued
PHASORS
A phasor is a complex
number that represents
the amplitude and phase
of a sinusoid.

It can be represented in
one of the following
three forms:
| Z = r z
| j
re z =
) sin (cos | + | = + = j r jy x z
a. Rectangular
b. Polar
c. Exponential
2 2
y x r + =
x
y
1
tan

= |
where
Continued
Example 3
Evaluate the following complex numbers:
a.

b.

Solution:
a. 15.5 + j13.67
b. 8.293 + j2.2
] 60 5 j4) 1 j2)( [(5
o
Z + +
o
o
30 10
j4 3
40 3 j5 10
Z +
+
Z + +
Continued
) ( ) (
2 1 2 1 2 1
y y j x x z z + + + = +
) ( ) (
2 1 2 1 2 1
y y j x x z z + =
2 1 2 1 2 1
| | + Z = r r z z
2 1
2
1
2
1
| | Z =
r
r
z
z
| Z =
r z
1 1
2 | Z = r z
|
|
j
re r jy x z
-
= Z = =
| |
|
sin cos j e
j
=

Mathematic operation of complex number:

Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
Reciprocal
Square root
Complex conjugate
Eulers identity
Continued
Transform a sinusoid to and from the
time domain to the phasor domain:


(time domain) (phasor domain)

) cos( ) ( | e + = t V t v
m
| Z =
m
V V
Amplitude and phase difference are two
principal concerns in the study of voltage
and current sinusoids.
Phasor will be defined from the cosine
function in all our proceeding study. If a
voltage or current expression is in the form
of a sine, it will be changed to a cosine by
subtracting from the phase.
Example 4
Transform the following sinusoids to phasors:
i = 6cos(50t 40
o
) A
v = 4sin(30t + 50
o
) V

Solution:
a. I A
b. Since sin(A) = cos(A+90
o
);
v(t) = 4cos (30t+50
o
+90
o
) = 4cos(30t+140
o
) V
Transform to phasor => V V
Z = 40 6
Z = 140 4
Continued
Example 5:
Transform the sinusoids corresponding to
phasors:
a.
b.
V 30 10 Z = V
A j12) j(5 = I
Solution:
a) v(t) = 10cos(et + 210
o
) V
b) Since
i(t) = 13cos(et + 22.62
o
) A
Z = Z + = + =

22.62 13 )
12
5
( tan 5 12 j5 12
1 2 2
I
Continued


The differences between v(t) and V:
v(t) is instantaneous or time-domain
representation
V is the frequency or phasor-domain
representation.
v(t) is time dependent, V is not.
v(t) is always real with no complex term,
V is generally complex.

Note: Phasor analysis applies only when
frequency is constant; when it is applied
to two or more sinusoid signals only if
they have the same frequency.
Continued
Relationship between differential, integral operation
in phasor listed as follow:

) (t v
dt
dv
V je
}
vdt
e j
V
Continued
| Z =V V
Example 6
Use phasor approach, determine the current i(t)
in a circuit described by the integro-differential
equation.
Answer: i(t) = 4.642cos(2t + 143.2
o
) A

}
+ = + ) 75 2 cos( 50 3 8 4 t
dt
di
idt i
Continued
Phasors Relationship for
circuit elements
Resistor: Inductor: Capacitor:
Continued
Summary of voltage-current relationship
Element
Time domain Frequency domain
R
L
C
Ri v =
RI V =
dt
di
L v = LI j V e =
dt
dv
C i =
C j
I
V
e
=
Example 7

If voltage v(t) = 6cos(100t 30
o
) is applied to a 50 F
capacitor, calculate the current, i(t), through the
capacitor.
Answer: i(t) = 30 cos(100t + 60
o
) mA
Continued
IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE
The impedance Z of a circuit is the ratio of the
phasor voltage V to the phasor current I,
measured in ohms .



where R = Re, Z is the resistance and X = Im,
Z is the reactance. Positive X is for L and
negative X is for C.

The admittance Y is the reciprocal of impedance,
measured in siemens (S).
jX R
I
V
Z + = =
V
I
Z
Y = =
1
Continued
R
Y
1
=
L j
Y
e
1
=
C j Y e =
Impedances and admittances of passive elements
Element Impedance Admittance
R
L
C
R Z =
L j Z e =
C j
Z
e
1
=
L j Z e =
C j
Z
e
1
=

= =
Z
Z
;
0 ; 0
e
e
0 ;
; 0
=
=
Z
Z
e
e
Continued
Example 8

Refer to Figure below, determine v(t) and i(t).
Answers: v(t) = 2.236sin(10t + 63.43
o
) V; i(t) = 1.118sin(10t - 26.57
o
) A
) 10 sin( 5 t v
s
=
Continued
Kirchhoffs Law in the
Frequency Domain
Both KVL and KCL are hold in the phasor
domain or more commonly called frequency
domain.

Moreover, the variables to be handled are
phasors, which are complex numbers.

All the mathematical operations involved are
now in complex domain.
IMPEDANCE COMBINATIONS
The following principles used for DC
circuit analysis all apply to AC
circuit.

For example:
voltage division
current division
circuit reduction
impedance equivalence

Continued
Example 9

Determine the input impedance of the circuit in figure below
at =10 rad/s.

Answer: Z
in
= 32.38 j73.76
Continued

Basic Approach
Nodal Analysis
Mesh Analysis
Thevenin Equivalent Circuits
BASIC APPROACH
1. Transform the circuit to the phasor or frequency
domain.
2. Solve the problem using circuit techniques (nodal
analysis, mesh analysis, etc.).
3. Transform the resulting phasor to the time domain.
Time to Freq
Solve
variables in Freq
Freq to Time
Steps to Analyze AC Circuits:
NODAL ANALYSIS
Exercise 1
Calculate V
1
and V
2
in the circuit shown in figure below .
V
1
= 19.36Z69.67 V V
2
= 3.376Z165.7 V
MESH ANALYSIS
Exercise 2
Find I
o
in the following figure using
mesh analysis.

Answer: I
o
= 1.19465.44 A
THEVENIN EQUIVALENT
CIRCUITS

Thevenin transform
Continued

Z
th
=12.4 j3.2 V
TH
= 18.97-51.57 V
Exercise 3

Find the Thevenin equivalent at terminals ab of
the circuit below.