Cardiovascular System
Composition: Blood Blood vessels Arteries Veins Capillaries Heart
Blood Vessels
Capillary
Arteries
Carry blood away from heart to organs Carry blood under high blood pressure Thick muscular walls and round lumen Blood high in O2 and low in CO2 and H2O Large elastic arteries close to heart help intermittent flow from ventricles become a continuous flow through the circulation
Veins
Carry blood to heart from the organs Carry blood under low blood pressure Thin muscular walls and Oval lumen Blood low in O2 and high in CO2 and H2O In limbs, contain valves at reg. intervals and are sandwiched between muscle groups to help blood travel against gravity.
Valves in Veins
Capillaries
Capillaries
Connect arteries to veins Arterioles and capillaries cause drop in pressure due to overcoming the friction of blood passing through them. Thin walls formed from a single layer of epithelium cells Deliver protein-free plasma filtrate high in O2 to cells and collect CO2 and H2O
Aorta
Renal Veins
Illiac Veins Illiac Arteries
Circulation of Blood
Each organ has an arterial and venous blood supply. Arterial supply brings blood to the organ. Venous supply drains blood away. Capillaries link the two supplies.
Circulation
The Heart
Function is to pump the blood around the body i.e. Circulation. Structure
4 Chambers Valves 4 major blood vessels Coronary arteries and cardiac veins
pulmonary vein
coronary artery left ventricle
right ventricle
The vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium
superior vena cava (transports blood from the head)
HRCS 3.2
The right atrium collects deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the right ventricle
right atrium
right ventricle
The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
Pulmonary artery
The septum separates the left and right sides of the heart
septum
The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
Pulmonary veins
The left atrium collects the oxygenated blood and pumps it to the left ventricle
Left atrium
The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta
HRCS 3.2
Left ventricle
The aorta carries the oxygenated from the left ventricle to the rest of the body
Aortic arch Aorta
HRCS 3.2
Atrio-ventricular valves prevent backflow of blood into the atria when ventricles contract
Tricuspid valves
Tendon
The semi-lunar valves prevent backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles
The heart also needs its own blood vessels coronary arteries and cardiac veins. They supply the heart muscle with oxygen so that the muscle cells can respire. And remove waste carbon dioxide. A blockage of these arteries leads to myocardial infarction (heart attack) because the heart muscle is deprived of oxygen and so dies.
Blood travels through the heart twice before returning to the body
Pulmonary Circulation Systemic Circulation
HRCS 3.2
Neural control During exercise sensory receptors stimulate the cardiac control centre. These receptors include: Proprio-receptors which sense that movement has increased. chemoreceptors which sense changes in chemicals in the muscles and blood. These changes include increased levels of carbon dioxide and lactic acid and increased acidity in the blood. baroreceptors which are sensitive to stretch within within the blood vessel walls. These detect increased blood pressure. The cardiac control centre responds to this information by stimulating the sino-atrial node via the sympathetic cardiac accelerator nerve to increase heart rate.
Hormonal control Before and during exercise adrenalin is released in the blood. This stimulates the sino-atrial node to increase heart rate. Intrinsic control During exercise temperature increases which increases the speed of nerve impulses which in turn increases heart rate. Venous return increases heart rate which directly increases End-Diastolic Volume (EDV) and therefore stroke volume (Starlings Law).
Composition of blood
No nucleus
Provides large surface area to be exposed to Oxygen
Cant divide limited lifespan of around 120 days Made in the bone marrow
Several types:
Platelets
Also known as Thrombocytes
Not true cells fragments of cells Involved in blood clotting
Plasma
Straw-coloured Mainly water Carries dissolved substances
E.g. nutrients and gases and plasma proteins.
Plasma proteins are involved in clotting, transport,
Composition of blood
Can you identify the different components of the blood?
Functions of blood
The Lungs
in the plasma
A kidney
fight infection.
A Flame
Cardiac Output
Q = HR X SV
Blood Pressure
The force blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessels it is passing. Measured using a sphygmomanometer (sphygmo pronounced sfigmo). Systolic bp corresponds to ventricles contracting. Diastolic bp corresponds to ventricles relaxed and filling. Written as systolic/diastolic e.g. 120/80 mm Hg BP is highest in blood vessels nearer the heart.
Blood Pressure
Normal Blood Pressure - Blood pressure reading below 120/80 is considered normal.
High Blood Pressure - Blood pressure of 140/90 or higher is considered high blood pressure (hypertension). If one or both numbers are usually high, you have high blood pressure.
Low Blood Pressure Blood pressure of 90/60 is considered low blood pressure. Blood pressure that is too low is known as hypotension. The similarity in pronunciation with hypotension and hypertension can cause confusion.
Blood Pressure
Normal Blood Pressure Range
Systolic pressure (mm Hg) 130 120 110 Diastolic pressure (mm Hg) 85 80 75 Pressure Range High Normal Blood Pressure Normal Blood Pressure Low Normal Blood PressureHigh
Finish