By,

Undety Srinu,
EC094220(ACS)

Transmit Diversity Technique for
Wireless Communications

Abstract
Using two transmit antennas and one receive antenna the
scheme provides the same diversity order as maximal-ratio
receiver combining (MRRC) with one transmit antenna, and two
receive antennas.
Advantage:
1. Redundancy is applied in space across multiple antennas, not
in time or frequency.
=>Doesnt require any bandwidth expansion .
2. It doesnt need any feedback from the receiver to the TX.
3. Its computation complexity is similar to MRRC.
4. Two transmit antennas and M receive antennas provides a
diversity order of 2M.


Introduction
The remote units are supposed to be small lightweight pocket
communicators and provide high bit rate data services.
The communication systems are supposed to have better quality
and coverage, be more power and bandwidth efficient.
The fundamental phenomenon which makes reliable wireless
transmission difficult is time-varying multipath fading .
BER= 10
-2
=> 10
-3

environment SNR increasing
AWGN 1 or 2 db
Multipath >10dB
Introduction (cont)
Transmitter power control (the most effective ) :
If channel conditions are known at the transmitter ,the
transmitter can predistort the signal in order to overcome the
effect of the channel at the receiver.
Two problems:
Transmitter dynamic range:
a. For the transmitter to overcome a certain level of fading, it
must increase its power by that same level .
b. It is not practical because of radiation power limitations,
the size and cost of the amplifiers.
Channel information:
a. The channel information has to be fed back to the transmitter.
b. throughput degradation and added complexity to both
transmitter and receivers.

Introduction (cont)
Time and frequency diversity:
time interleaving and error correction coding resulting in
large delays when the channel is slowly varying.

Antenna diversity :
a. use multiple antennas at the RX (RX diversity) and perform
combining or selection and switching to improve the quality of
the received signal.
b. makes the remote units larger and more expensive.



MRRC
(Maximum Receive Ratio Combining)












note1
MRRC (cont)
Using Euclidean distance to detect:
chose x
i
if
d
2
(x
i
,y) <= d
2
(x
k
,y) i != k
ps. d
2
(x ,y) = (x - y) (x*-y*)
MRRC: S
O
= (
0
2
+
1
2
) s
O
+ h
0
*

n
0
+ h
1
*

n
1

chose s
i
if
d
2
(s
0

, (
0
2
+
1
2
) s
i
) <= d
2
(s
0

, (
0
2
+
1
2
) s
k
)
if signals are equal constellations:
d
2
(s
0

, s
i
) <= d
2
(s
0

, s
k
)

The new transmit diversity
scheme
encoding and
transmission
sequence

combining
scheme

maximum
likelihood
decision rule
New scheme (cont)
*
0
0 0
*
0 1 1
( )
( )
r t
s s
r h n
r t T s s
| | (
= = +
|
(
+
\ .
time antenna0 antenna1
t s
0
s
1
t+T -s
1
*

s
0
*

0
0 0 0 0
1
1 1 1 1
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
i
i
h t h t T h e
h t h t T h e
u
u
o
o
= + = =
= + = =
Encoding and transmission sequence :


Combining scheme:

The combiner builds the following two combined signals that
are sent to the maximum likelihood detector:




*
0
0
0 1
* *
1 1 0 1
r
s
h h
S
s h h r
( | | (
= =
| (
(

\ .
*
0 0 2 2 0 1
0 1
*
1 1 1 0
( )
s s
h h
n
s s h h
o o
| | ( (
= + +
|
( (

\ .
New scheme (cont)
d
2
(s
0
, (
0
2
+
1
2
) s
i
) <=
d
2
(s
0
, (
0
2
+
1
2
) s
k
)

d
2
(s
0
, s
i
) <=
d
2
(s
0
, s
k
)


The resulting diversity order from the new branch transmit
diversity scheme with one receiver is equal to two branch
MMRC

New scheme (cont)
Maximum likelihood decision rule:


Choose s
i
if
New scheme (cont)
- two-branch transmit diversity with M antennas
New scheme (cont)
- two-branch transmit diversity with M antennas
*
0 1 0 1 0 1
*
2 3 2 3 1 0
r r h h s s
n
r r h h s s
| | | | | |
= +
| | |
\ . \ .\ .
RX
TX
Antenna0 Antenna
1
Antenna0 h
0
h
2
Antenna1 h
1
h
3
Assumption:

0
* * *
0 0 1 2 3 1
* *
2 0 2
3 1 1
*
3
r
S h h h h r
r h h
h h S
r
(
(
( (
(
=
( (
(
( (

(
(

Encoding and transmission
sequence:
like 2-to-1 transmission
diversity.
Combining scheme:


0 0
2 2 2 2
0 1 2 3
1 1
( )
s s
s s
o o o o
( (
= + + +
( (

* *
0 1 2 3
* *
0 2
3 1
h h h h
n
h h
h h
(
+
(

(

New scheme (cont)
- two-branch transmit diversity with M antennas
Maximum likelihood decision rule:
chose s
i
if


if signals are equal constellations:


The combined signals from the two RX antennas are the addition of the
combined signals from each antenna ,i.e., the combining scheme is
identical to a single RX antenna .
=>using two transmit and M receive antennas ,we can use the combiner
to obtain the same diversity order as 2M-branch MMRC.
d
2
(s
0
, (
0
2
+
1
2
+
2
2
+
3
2
) s
i
) <= d
2
(s
0
, (
0
2
+

1
2
+
2
2
+
3
2
) s
k
)
d
2
(s
0
, s
i
) <= d
2
(s
0
, s
k
)
Error performance simulation
The total radiated power at Tx are equal.
=> the performance of the new scheme with two transmitters
and a single receiver is 3 dB worse than two-branch MRRC.

0 5 10 15 20 25
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
Eb/No, dB
B
i t

E
r
r
o
r

R
a
t
e
BER for BPSK modulation with Alamouti STBC (Rayleigh channel)


theory (nTx=1,nRx=1)
theory (nTx=1,nRx=2, MRC)
theory (nTx=2, nRx=1, Alamouti)
sim (nTx=2, nRx=1, Alamouti)
Implement issues
Power requirements:
1. the 3-dB reduction of power in each transmit chain translates
to cheaper, smaller, or less linear power amplifiers.
2. to employ two half-power amplifiers rather than a single full
power amplifier.
Sensitivity to Channel Estimation Errors:
1. The RX extracts the samples and interpolates them to
construct an estimate of the channel for every data symbol
transmitted.
2. With 2(M) TX and 1 RX antennas, however, the estimates of
the 2(M) channels must be derived from a single received signal.
=>2(M) times as many pilots are needed

Implement issues (cont)
Delay effects
1.With 2-branch transmit diversity, if the transformed copies of
the signals are transmitted at distinct intervals from all the
antennas, the decoding delay is symbol 2 periods.
2. if the copies are sent at the same time and on different carrier
frequencies, then the decoding delay is only one symbol period.
Antenna configurations
1. the propagation medium between the TX and RX in either
direction are identical.
2. to provide sufficient decorrelation between the signals
transmitted from the two transmit antennas at base station >= 10
wavelengths.
3. the transmit antennas at the remote units must be separated
by about 3 wavelengths to provide diversity at the base station.

Implement issues (cont)
Soft failure
1.one of the receive chain fail, and the other receive chain is
operational, then the performance loss is on the order of the
diversity gain.
2. adding reliability due to multiple RX chains.
Impact on interference
1. simultaneous transmission of signals from two antennas.
=>it appears that the number of potential interferers is
doubled ,however, each with half the interference power.
2. If interference has properties where interference cancellation
schemes may be effectively used.

Conclusion and discussions
Using 2 TX antennas and 1 RX antenna the scheme provides
the same diversity order as maximal-ratio receiver combining
(MRRC) with 1 TX antenna, and 2 RX antennas.
2 TX antennas and M RX antennas provides a diversity order of
2M.
To employ two half-power amplifiers rather than a single full
power amplifier.
The scheme does not require any feedback from the receiver to
the transmitter and its computation complexity is similar to
MRRC.



References


S. M. Alamouti, A simple transmitter diversity scheme for wireless
communications, EEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 16, pp. 14511458, Oct.
1998.
Wittneben, A new bandwidth efficient transmit antenna modulation diversity
scheme for linear digital modulation, in Proc. 1993 IEEE International Conf.
Communications (ICC93), May 1993, pp.16301634.

V. Tarokh, A. Naguib, N. Seshadri, and A. R. Calderbank, Spacetime codes for
wireless communication: Combined array processing and space time coding,
IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, Mar. 1998.

V. Tarokh, N. Seshadri, and A. R. Calderbank, Space-time codes for high data
rate wireless communication: Performance criteria and code construction, IEEE
Trans. Inform. Theory,





Thank You