Uses of Electrostatics

Paint Spraying
Spray Gun is charged all of the paint gets the same charge Like charges repel paint particles spread out giving a fine spray Object being painted is given the opposite charge paint is attracted to object and sticks to it.

Advantages : less wasted paint; even coat of paint; awkward

places/shadows are painted.

Electrostatic Dust Precipitators

Removes harmful smoke particles from a chimney.

1. 2. 3. 4.

5.
6.

Metal grid/wires placed in chimney Grid connected to high voltage supply Dust particles attracted to metal grid Dust particles stick together Large particles fall down chimney Soot used to make building blocks

Background Radiation
This is ionising radiation that is always present in the environment. The level of background radiation is low and does not cause harm.

E.g. Granite contains small amounts of Uranium which decays to Radon, a radioactive gas.

Sources (7): radioactivity in the air; radiation from Space (cosmic rays); rocks; food; medical uses; nuclear power; nuclear weapons testing
(these last two make up just 1%).

Radiotherapy and Diagnosis

Gamma rays
High frequency/energy electromagnetic waves emitted from the nucleus of a radioactive isotope Very penetrating can pass into the body to treat internal organs Can damage living cells over exposure should be avoided

X rays
High frequency/energy electromagnetic waves emitted when high speed electrons are decelerated Very penetrating Can damage living cells An X-ray machine can produce and control X-rays of different energies so some X-rays can have higher energy than rays

Using Gamma radiation

Treating cancer large doses can kill and

destroy cancer cells. A gamma knife is rotated around a cancer to give the cancer a high dose but the healthy tissue a low dose. Side effects of this kind of therapy can be unpleasant but slows down the growth of the cancer.

Sterilising hospital equipment

Gamma kills bacteria and prevents the spread of disease.
Radiographers carry out procedures using X-rays and nuclear radiation. Lead prevents tissue absorbing radiation.

Tracers some radioactive isotopes (in very low doses!) can be injected into the body to highlight places where a cancer may be growing. Common isotopes are

Technetium 99 and Iodine - 123

http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/ medical-uses-of-x-rays-theelectromagnetic-spectrum/1455.html

Alpha, Beta and Gamma emissions Radiation Alpha Beta Gamma

Ionising Power Range in air Very strong About 5cm Medium About 1m Weak Very large, its intensity decreases with distance Reduced by lead and concrete

What stops it?

paper

A few mm of Aluminium

Ionisation the ability to remove an electron from an atom, causing

the atom to become charged. Alpha has 2 + charges so has a great ionising effect, beta has 1 charge so a lesser ionising effect. Alpha and Beta particles are not good inside the body they cannot escape from inside so dont swallow any remember Mr Litvinienko? killed with Polonium 210, an alpha emitter!

Radioactivity - discovered by Becquerel and

researched by Pierre & Marie Curie (among others)

Some atoms naturally break up because the nuclear forces holding them together are not strong enough. Radioactive substances decay naturally and give out

Alpha (), Beta () and Gamma () radiation.

Radioactivity is a random process that cannot be controlled by external conditions such as temperature, pressure etc. Neither can the decay be predicted. Radioactivity is detected usually with a Geiger-Mller (GM) tube and a ratemeter. Activity is measured by counting the average number of nuclei that decay every second, unit Becquerels (Bq).

http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/i ntroduction-to-radioactivity/10678.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/ alpha-beta-and-gammaradiation/10679.html

Alpha Decay

Remember : A is the mass number = protons + neutrons

Z is the proton number = number of protons OR electrons

An alpha particle (or helium nucleus) contains 4 nucleons (2p + 2n) When is emitted, A decreases by 4, Z decreases by 2 The new element formed is two places lower in the Periodic table than the original radioisotope.
238 4

92

+ 90Th
234

Beta Decay -
0
1

A beta particle is a high energy electron emitted from the nucleus (!)
[This is because a neutron decays to a proton, an electron and a bit of antimatter]

When - is emitted,

A does not change Z increases by 1

(because it has an extra proton).
0

14

-1

+ 7N
14

A new element is formed that is one place higher in the periodic table than the original radioisotope.

Half Life

The time taken for the activity of a sample to fall to one half of its original activity, OR The time for half of the atoms in a radioactive isotope to have decayed. It is different for every radioisotope

A Typical Decay curve

http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/ radioactive-decay-and-halflife/4564.html

Uses of Radioactivity

Alpha is used in Smoke detectors Americium-241 http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_gate way_pre_2011/radiation/radioisotopesrev2.shtml Beta is used to monitor the thickness of paper Strontium-90 Gamma is used to treat cancer; as a tracer to search for leaks from pipes; to check welds in castings.

Dating:
Uranium/Lead levels are used to date rocks VERY OLD! Potassium/Argon levels date rocks up to about 100,000 years old Carbon 14/Carbon12 levels are used to check organic material up to 60,000 years old

http://science.howstuffworks.com/enviro nmental/earth/geology/carbon-14.htm

What are three forms of carbon?

Physical properties of diamond:

lustrous, colourless and clear (transparent); hard and has a high melting point; insoluble in water; does not conduct electricity.

Physical properties of graphite:

black, lustrous and opaque; slippery; insoluble in water; conducts electricity.

What is diamond used in? What is graphite used is? Physical properties of buckminster fullerene:
black solid; deep red in solution in petrol.

Tube fullerenes can be joined together to make nanotubes, which are:

are very strong; conduct electricity.

Diamond, graphite and fullerenes are all allotropes of carbon. Why is diamond used in cutting tools? Why is diamond used in jewellery?

Why does diamond not conduct electricity? Why is diamond hard and has a high melting point ? Why is graphite used in pencil leads? Why is graphite used in lubricants? Why is graphite used as an electrode in electrolysis?

Some uses of nanotubes:

semiconductors in electrical circuits; industrial catalysts; reinforce graphite in tennis rackets.

Fullerenes are used to cage other molecules, especially in new drug delivery systems. The use of nanotubes as catalysts:
catalyst attached to nanotubes; large surface area available.

What different types of water resources are found in the United Kingdom? Water is an important resource for many important industrial chemical processes:
a cheap raw material; as a coolant; as a solvent.

Some of the pollutants that may be found in domestic water supplies:

nitrate residues; lead compounds; pesticide residues.

Types of substances present in water before it is purified:

dissolved salts and minerals; microbes; pollutants; insoluble materials.

Why is it important to conserve water?

Sources of pollutants in water:

nitrate from fertiliser run off; lead compounds from lead pipes; pesticide from spraying near to water resources.

The water purification process includes:

Filtration Sedimentation Chlorination

http://www.yteach.co.uk/page.php/resou rces/view_all?id=water_hardness_polluti on_sea_fresh_natural_river_cave_t_pag e_14&from=search

Barium chloride solution is used to test for sulfate ion and gives a white ppt Barium chloride solution + sodium sulfate solution sodium chloride solution + solid barium sulfate

Silver nitrate solution is used to test for halide ions, chloride ions give a white ppt; bromide ions give a cream ppt; iodide ions give a pale yellow ppt. Silver nitrate solution + sodium bromide solution sodium nitrate solution + solid silver bromide

Behaviour of halide ions in the presence of silver nitrate(V) video

Nitrates for proteins needed for cell growth because nitrogen is used to make amino acids & proteins, without enough plants will show poor growth and yellow leaves Phosphates for respiration and growth because phosphorus is used to make DNA and cell membranes, without enough plants will show poor root growth and discoloured leaves Potassium compounds are needed to help the enzymes involved in photosynthesis and respiration, without enough plants will show poor flower and fruit growth and discoloured leaves Magnesium compounds are need to make chlorophyll which is necessary for photosynthesis, without enough plants will show yellow leaves

This plant has nitrogen deficiency

Growth is stunted

Older leaves have turned yellow

This plant has phosphate deficiency

This plant has potassium deficiency

These plants have magnesium deficiency

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesi ze/science/add_ocr_pre_2011/homeosta sis/importancerev6.shtml