Session 2: Bio-Energy Conversion Technologies (i) agricultural and agro industrial waste conversion technologies (power, cogeneration and

gasification) ;(ii) organic waste conversion technologies (digestion) and (iii) municipal waste to energy technologies and challenges.

Agricultural & Agro Industrial Waste Conversion Organic Waste Conversion Municipal Solid Waste to Energy

Source : DTU Denmark

Business Model IPP

Technology Combustion

Grid-connected tail end Combustion-Rankine (IPP & RESCO) Gasification-producer gas/engine Gasificationbiomethanationengine/GTG Off-grid-RESCO Gasification-producer gas/engine Gasificationbiomethanation-engine Industrial cogen/CHP Combustion/Rankine Gasificationbiomethanationengine/GTG

Resources Agro-residue, Plantation, MSW Agro-residue, plantation Rice Husk, Shells, pellets Habitat wastes wastes, Animal

Rice Husk, Shells, pellets Habitat wastes, wastes Industrial wastes Industrial wastes Animal

Technology Tail end grid connected sub 2 MW

Rationale for promotion Low rural grid penetration 11 KV grid availability Low per capita rural energy High load rostering Low intensity-surplus biomass Biomass IPP High rural grid penetration High intensity-surplus biomass Capacity & fossil fuel constraints Relatively better performing utilities Integrated plantation & Available degraded forest land, wasteland, biomass IPP other lands nor suitable for cropping Favourable State Climate Small scale CHP SME Industry cluster around biomass rich areas Potential food processing industries Rice mills using per-boil process Off-grid gasification based Grid not accessible/uneconomic to access DDG businesses Availability of biomass of appropriate quality Efficient cook stoves Community kitchen Dhabas Distributed bio-methanation Urban households in tier 1 & 2 cities

Need for supply augmentation H.P.

IPPs
Haryana Karnataka T.N. A.P. Gujarat M.P. Punjab / Goa

Tail end
J&K

Penetration of grid

UP

Rajasthan Uttaranchal

Assam Manipur Bihar

Mizoram

IPP, Tail end & off-grid

LOW

Need for network expansion

Relative availability of grid power

Underfeed Stokers
Fixed Bed Combustion Grate Firings

Biomass Combustion

Fluidized Bed Combustion

Bubbling Fluidized Bed

Circulating Fluidized Bed

There are a large number of different feedstock types for use in gasifier, each with different characteristics, including size, shape, bulk density, moisture content, energy content, chemical composition, ash fusion characteristics, and homogeneity of all these properties. A wide variety of feedstocks can be gasified: Wood pellets and chips, Waste wood, Plastics and aluminium, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Refuse-derived fuel (RDF), Agricultural and industrial wastes, Sewage sludge, Switch grass, Discarded seed corn, corn stover Other crop residues

Updraft Downdraft Cross-draft

Thermal

ThermoChemical

Bio- Chemical

ElectroChemical Conversion
Microbial Fuel Cells

Incineration

Pyrolysis

Anaerobic Digestion (BioMethanation)

Gasification Fermentation

Technology Sanitary Landfilling

Short Description Clean & Scientific operation of landfill sites in order to reduce pollution MSW with/without processing/refining is burnt to produce electricity or for heating purposes, thus reducing 90% of the volume Conversion of organic matter from MSW to fertilisers Bio-degradable waste of organic or vegetable origin processed through anaerobic digestion to produce a mixture of methane & carbon dioxide

Incineration

Limitations Green waste is not supposed to go the sanitary landfill Cost of infrastructure & operating cost is very high High moisture content in MSW is a problem Heating value varies over considerable range, since segregation is not done Land requirement for treatment is very high Additional cost of transportation of end product is very high Segregation of MSW is a must for the option Project experiences in Pune & Lucknow have proved to have produce low yield of methane

Composting

Biomethanation

Source of generation

Collection & logistics

Preparation

Conversion

Power Generation

Rejects

Waste management services are typically divided into a few distinctive functions like primary collection, secondary collection, treatment or processing and disposal. Present processing system mainly consists of recovery of recyclable materials and composting of the balance for disposal The key design feature required for the recovery of reasonable quality of fuel is the proper use of a screening operation in the sequence of processing.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a biological process similar in many ways to composting. It is a natural treatment process and, as in composting, bacteria break down organic matter and reduce its bulk or mass.

Less energy required Less biological sludge produced Lower nutrient demand Methane production: Providing potential energy source with possible revenue both from sale of the energy, and benefit from government tax, and (Kyoto agreement) CDM etc. payments arising from renewable fuels/non-fossil fuel incentives Methane production: Anaerobic digestion contributes to reducing greenhouse gases by reducing demand for fossil fuels Smaller reactor volume required Biomass acclimatisation allows most organic compounds to be transformed Rapid response to substrate addition after long periods without feeding End product can be potentially saleable products biogas, soil conditioner and a liquid fertiliser. Process more effectively provides sanitisation/removal of diseases.

Longer start-up time to develop necessary biomass inventory May require alkalinity and/or specific ion addition May require further treatment with an aerobic treatment process to meet discharge requirements Biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal is not possible Much more sensitive to the adverse effect of lower temperatures on reaction rates May need heating (often by utilisation of process gas) to achieve adequate reaction rates May be more less stable after toxic shock(eg after upsets due to toxic substances in the feed) Increased potential for production of odours and corrosive gases. Hazards arise from explosion Anaerobic treatment is not effective for treatment of methanogenic landfill leachate, it may (rarely) be efficacious for the early stage leachate production period while the waste is still acetogenic.