CLASSIFICATION OF AMPLIFIERS
ON THE BASIS OF
INPUT
OUTPUT
Freq Response
Mode of Operation
Coupling Method
CLASSIFICATION OF AMPLIFIERS
ON THE BASIS OF INPUT Small signal Large signal
CLASSIFICATION OF AMPLIFIERS
ON THE BASIS OF OUTPUT VOLTAGE AMP POWER AMP
CLASSIFICATION OF AMPLIFIERS
ON THE BASIS OF FREQ RANGE DC FREQ (0 Hz10 Hz) AUDIO FREQ (20Hz- 20 Khz ) RADIO FREQ (FEW Hz Hundred Khz)
CLASSIFICATION OF AMPLIFIERS
ON THE BASIS OF COUPLING METHOD RC COUPLED TRANSFORMER COUPLED DIRECT COUPLED
R C COUPLED AMP
TRANSFORMER COUPLED
DIRECT COUPLED
CLASSIFICATION OF AMPLIFIERS
ON THE BASIS MODE OF OPERATION CLASS A CLASS B CLASS AB CLASS C
CLASS A AMPLIFIER
CLASS B
CLASS AB
CLASS C
DISTORTION IN AMPLIFIER
WHEN OUTPUT IS NOT REPLICA OF INPUT THEN AMP IS SAID TO HAVE DISTORTION IT OCCURS DUE TO NONLINEARITY IN CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSISTOR ALSO DUE TO ASSOCIATED CIRCUIT
DISTORTION IN AMPLIFIER
3 TYPES
FREQ
PHASE
AMP DISTORTION
OCCOUR WHEN TRANSISTOR OPERATES IN NONLINEAR PART OF ITS TRANSFER CHAR. ALSO KNOWN AS HARMONIC DISTORTION MORE PROMINENT FOR LARGE SIGNAL LEVELS
AMP DISTORTION
OUTPUT CONTAIS NEW FREQ S OTHER THAN FUNDAMENTAL FREQ.
AMP DISTORTION
FREQ. DISTORTION
ARBITRARY SIGNAL HAVE DIFFERENT FREQ. COMPONENT WHICH ARE AMPLIFIED UNEQUALLY , SO GENRATES FREQ DIST. IF AMPLIFICATION OF DIFFERENT FREQ COMPONENTS IS DIFFERENT THEN OUTPUT IS NOT EXACT REPLICA OF INPUT
FREQ DISTORTION
PHASE DISTORTION
3DB CONCEPT
Rise Time
Rise time
Output voltage vo=V(1-e-t/RC)
Rise time
Applying KVL to circuit: vo=R.I + 1 C I dt taking laplace on both sides V(s)= R I(s)+ 1 s C I (s) = {RC s + 1 } Cs * I(s) I(s)= V C (1+ R C s ) Output equ. Vo= 1 c I dt
Rise time
Taking laplace on both sides vo = 1 c s *I(s) vo(s) = 1 c s [V c / 1 + RCs] vo(s) = V s(1+ RCs) =V RC (s+1 RC) s = V *(1 s - 1 s+1 RC) taking inverse laplace vo=V(1-e-t/RC)
Rise time
Rise time is difference between two time intervals ie. t1 :- time required to reach one tenth of it final value output = 0.1RC t2:- time required to reach nine tenth of it final value output = 2.3RC Rise time tr=t2-t1=2.2RC
for n =3 given fH =10 Khz Upper 3 db freq fH(n) / fH = 21/n -1 fH(n) / fH = 0.51 or 5.1 Khz
RC COUPLED AMP.
RC COUPLED AMP.
Coupling cap.(Cb1 & Cb2) act as blocking cap to keep dc component out . Resistors R1 R2 & Re provide desired bias By pass cap Ce prevent loss of amp. Due to feed back. Value of Bypass cap Ce is chosen large so as to act as short circuit across Re
Multistage CE amp.
Multistage CE amp.
Multistage CE amp.
Unit -3 Oscillators
Sinusoidal oscillator Barkhausen criteria General form of oscillator R-C phase shift oscillator Wein bridge oscillator Crystal oscillator
Oscillator
It is a device that generates repetitive wave form of fixed amp & freq without any external input signal Oscillator converts dc energy into ac energy at very high freq. This device covers the frequency range from a few Hz to many GHz It does not create energy, but merely acts as an energy converter
Amplifier
Oscillator
Classification
Output waveform
Frequency range
Output waveform :If the output waveform is sinusoidal, it is called harmonic oscillator otherwise it is called relaxation oscillator, which include square, triangular and saw tooth waveforms.
Freq range
Type of oscillator Audio Freq oscillator(AF) Radio freq (RF) High freq (HF) Very high freq VHF Microwave oscillator Freq range 20 Hz 20 KHz 20 KHz 30 MHz 1.5 - 30 MHz 30-300 MHz Beyond 3 GHz
Feedback oscillator Negative resistance oscillator:- an osc. in which negative resistance is produced by amplifying device or by other means so as to neutralize positive resistance of osc circuit is called negative resistance oscillator
Operation of oscillator
Operation of oscillator
Vf = A Vin
Operation of oscillator
Oscillation die out when A less than one Oscillation build up when A is greater than one
Operation of oscillator
criteria
Oscillatory circuit
Oscillatory circuit
The capacitor stores energy in its electric field.Whenever there is voltage across its plates The inductor stores energy in its magnetic field whenever current flows through it.
OSCILLATORY CIRCUIT
Oscillators employ both active and passive components. The active components provide energy conversion mechanism. Typical active devices are transistor, FET etc. Capacitors used in oscillators circuits should be of high quality. Because of low losses and excellent stability, silver mica or ceramic capacitors are generally preferred. FREQ OF OSCILLATION f=1/2 LC hz