Lecture 4 - Flexure

June 9, 2003
CVEN 444
Lecture Goals

Basic Concepts
Rectangular Beams
Flexural Stress
The beam is a structural
member used to support
the internal moments and
shears. It would be
called a beam-column if
a compressive force
existed.
C = T
M = C*(jd)
= T*(jd)
Flexural Stress
The stress in the block
is defined as:
o = (M*y) / I
S
xx
= I / (y
max
)
The equation for S
xx

modulus for calculating
maximum compressive
stress.
Flexural Stress
There are 5 stages the concrete through which the beam
goes.
Stage 1: No external
loads self weight.
Flexural Stress
There are 5 stages the concrete through which the beam
goes.
Stage 2: the external
load P cause the bottom
fibers to equal to
modulus of rupture of
the concrete. Entire
concrete section was
effective, steel bar at
tension side has same
strain as surrounding
concrete.
Flexural Stress
There are 5 stages the concrete through which the beam
goes.
Stage 3: The tensile
strength of the concrete
exceeds the rupture f
r
and
cracks develop. The
neutral axis shifts upward
and cracks extend to
neutral axis. Concrete
loses tensile strength and
steel starts working
effectively and resists the
entire tensile load.
Flexural Stress
There are 5 stages the concrete through which the beam
goes.
Stage 4: The
reinforcement yields.
Stage 5: Failure of the
beam.
Flexural Stress
The three stages of
the beam.
Stage 1: No external
loads acting on the
beam.
Stage 3: Service
loading on the beam.
Stage 5: Beam
failure.
Flexural Stress
The moment-curvature
diagram show the five
stages of the beam. The
plot is of the curvature
angle, | , verse the
moment.
| = (c / y) = [ o / E ] / y
= [(My / I) / E] / y
| = M / ( E I )
Flexural Stress
The beam fails first in shear and the second beam fails
in bending moment.
Flexural Stress
There are three types of flexural failure of a structural
member.
Steel may reach its yield strength before the concrete
reaches its maximum. (Under-reinforced section).
Steel reaches yield at same time as concrete reaches
ultimate strength. (Balanced section).
Concrete may fail before the the yield of steel due to
the presence of a high percentage of steel in the
section. (Over-reinforced section).
Flexural Stress
Steel may reach its yield strength before the concrete
reaches its maximum. (Under-reinforced section).
Flexural Stress
Steel reaches yield at same time as concrete reaches
ultimate strength. (Balanced section).
Flexural Stress
Concrete may fail before the the yield of steel due to the
presence of a high percentage of steel in the section.
(Over-reinforced section).
Flexural Stress
The flexural strain and stress distribution of beam from a
test beam.
Flexural Stress
Strain measured in test of eccentrically loaded
columns for a tied and spiral columns.
Flexural Stress-Example
Example
Consider a simple rectangular beam( b x h )
reinforced with steel reinforcement of A
s
.
Determine the centroid ( neutral axis, NA ) and
moment of inertia I
zz
of the beam for an ideal
beam (no cracks).
Determine the NA and moment of inertia, I
zz
, of
beam if the beam is cracked and tensile forces
are in the steel only.
(1)


(2)
Example-Definitions
E
c
Modulus of Elasticity - concrete
E
s
Modulus of Elasticity - steel
A
s
Area of steel
d distance to steel
b width
h height
s
c
E
E
n =
Example Mechanics of
Materials Properties
( )
i i i
i i
2
i i i i i
y n A
n A
n y n A
y
I I y
=
= +

Centroid (NA)
Moment of Inertia
Example (uncracked)
Area yi y
i
A I y
i
- y (y
i
-y)
2
A
Concrete bh h/2 bh
2
/2 bh
3
/12 (h/2-y) (h/2-y)
2
bh
Steel (n-1)A
s d d(n-1)A
s --- (d-y) (d-y)
2
(n-1)A
s
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
s
i i
i s
2
3
2 2
s
1
y A
2
A 1
1
12 2
i i i
bh
n Ad
y
bh n A
bh h
I I y y A y bh d y n A
+
= =
+
| |
= + = + +
|
\ .

Example - (cracked)
For a cracked section the
concrete is in compression
and steel is in tension.
The strain in the beam is
linear.
c
s s
1
2
C yb f
T A f
=
=
Example - (cracked)
Using Equilibrium
s s c
s c
s
1
2
2
T C
A f yb f
yb
f f
A
=
=
| |
=
|
\ .
Example - (cracked)
Using Hookes law
s s c c
s
2
yb
E E
A
c c
| |
=
|
\ .

f Ec =
However, this is an indeterminate problem to
find . We will need to use a compatibility
condition.
y
c s s s
s c
2 2 E A nA
E yb yb
c
c
| |
| |
= =
|
|
\ .
\ .
Example - (cracked)
Using a compatibility
condition.
s c c
s
d d
y
y y y
c c c
c
= =

Substitute into the first equation.
Example - (cracked)
s
2nA y
d y yb
=

Substitute in for the strain relationship.

2
s s
2 2
0
nA nA
y y d
b b
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ . \ .
Rearrange the equation into a quadratic equation.
Example - (cracked)
s
A
bd
=
Use a ratio of areas of concrete and steel.
Modify the equation to create a non-dimensional ratio.
2
2 2 0
y y
n n
d d

| | | |
+ =
| |
\ . \ .
2 2
2 2 0 y n d y n d + =
Example - (cracked)
Use the quadratic formula
Solve for the centroid by multiplying the result by d.
( )
( )
2
2
2 2 8
2
2
n n n
y
d
y
n n n
d


+
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
= +
|
\ .
Example - (cracked)
The moment of inertia using the parallel axis
( )
( )
( )
2
2
3
2
s
3
2
s
12 2
3
i i i
I I y y A
by y
by d y nA
by
d y nA
= +
| |
= + +
|
\ .
= +

Example
For the following example find centroid and moment
of inertia for an uncracked and cracked section and
compare the results.
E
s
= 29000 ksi
E
c
= 3625 ksi
d = 15.5 in b = 12 in. h = 18 in.
Use 4 # 7 bars for the steel.
Example
A #7 bar has an A
s
= 0.6 in
2
s
c
E 29000 ksi
8
E 3625 ksi
n = = =
( )
2 2
s
4 0.6 in 2.4 in A = =
Example
The uncracked centroid is

( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
2
s
s
2
2
2
3
2
1
2
1
12 in 18 in
8 1 2.4 in 15.5 in
2
12 in 18 in 8 1 2.4 in
2204.4 in
9.47 in
232.8 in
bh
n Ad
y
bh n A
+
=
+
+
=
+
= =
Example
The uncracked moment of inertia

( ) ( )
( )( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
3
2
s
3
2
2
2
4
1
12 2
12 in 18 in
18 in
9.47 in 12 in 18 in
12 2
15.5 in 9.47 in 8 1 2.4 in
6491 in
bh h
I y bh d y n A
| |
= + +
|
\ .
| |
= +
|
\ .
+
=
Example
The cracked centroid is defined by:

( )( )
2
s
2.4 in
0.0129
12 in 15.5 in
A
bd
= = =
( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( )
2
2
2
8 0.0129 2 8 0.0129 8 0.0129
0.3627
0.3627 15.5 in 5.62 in
y
n n n
d
y

| |
= +
|
\ .
=
=
= =
Example
The cracked moment of inertia is

( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
3
2
s
3
2
2
4
3
1
12 in 5.62 in
3
15.5 in 5.62 in 8 2.4 in
2584.2 in
by
I d y nA = +
=
+
=
Example
Notice that the centroid changes from 9.47 in. to
5.62 in. and the moment of inertia decreases from
6491 in
4
to 2584 in
4
. The cracked section loses
more than half of its strength.
Flexural Stress
Plane sections remain plane ( not true
for deep beams h > 4b)
The strain in the reinforcement is equal
to the strain in the concrete at the
same level, i.e. c
s
= c
c
at same level.
Stress in concrete & reinforcement may
be calculated from the strains using oc
curves for concrete & steel.
Basic Assumptions in Flexure Theory
Flexural Stress
Tensile strength of concrete is neglected for
calculation of flexural strength.
Concrete is assumed to fail in compression,
when c
c
(concrete strain) = c
cu
(limit state) =
0.003
Compressive oc relationship for concrete
may be assumed to be any shape that results
in an acceptable prediction of strength.
Additional Assumptions for design (for simplification)
Flexural Stress
The concrete may exceed the c
c
at the outside edge
of the compressive zone.
Flexural Stress
The compressive force is modeled as C
c
= k
1
k
3
f
c
b*c
at the location x = k
2
*c
Flexural Stress
The compressive
coefficients of the stress
block at given for the
following shapes.
k
3
is ratio of maximum
stress at f
c
in the
compressive zone of a
beam to the cylinder
strength, f
c
(0.85 is a
typical value for common
concrete) (ACI 10.2.7)
Flexural Stress
The compressive zone is modeled with a equivalent
stress block.
Flexural Stress
The equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution
has what is known as a |
1
coefficient is proportion of
average stress distribution covers. (ACI 10.2.7.3)
65 . 0
1000
4000
* 05 . 0 85 . 0
psi 4000 for 85 . 0
c
1
c 1
>
(
(

=
s =
f
f
|
|
Flexural Stress
Requirements for analysis of reinforced concrete beams
[1] Stress-Strain Compatibility Stress at a point in
member must correspond to strain at a point.
[2] Equilibrium Internal
forces balances with
external forces
Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(1) Setup equilibrium.

=
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
= =
n
c s s
x
M
2
T 0
85 . 0
C T 0
a
d M
ab f f A
F
Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(2) Find flexural capacity.
s s
c
s s
c
0.85
0.85
T A f
C f ab
A f
a
f b
=
=
=
Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(2) Find flexural capacity.
( )
n
s s
M moment arm
2
T
a
A f d
=
| |
=
|
\ .
Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(3) Need to confirm c
s
> c
y

( )
y c s
1
s
y
y
c c c
|
o
c
>

=
=
=
c
c d
a
c
E