What is a network? - A system of lines/channels that interconnect - E.g., railroad, highway, plumbing, communication, telephone, computer What is a computer network? -is a collection of computers and devices interconnected by communications channels that facilitate communications and allows sharing of resources and information among interconnected devices
OR -is
a collection of two or more computers linked together for the purposes of sharing information, and resources, among other things.
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Protocol Layers
Networks are complex! many pieces: hosts routers links of various media applications protocols hardware, software
Question:
Is there any hope of organizing structure of network? Or at least our discussion of networks?
baggage (check)
gates (load) runway takeoff airplane routing
airplane routing
airplane routing
a series of steps
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ticket (complain) baggage (claim gates (unload) runway (land) airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing
arrival airport
Why layering?
Dealing with complex systems: explicit structure allows identification, relationship of complex systems pieces
layered reference model for discussion
message segment
Ht
source
M M M M
frame Hl Hn Ht
datagram Hn Ht
Encapsulation
destination
M
Ht
Hn Ht Hl Hn Ht
M M M
Hn Ht Hl Hn Ht
M
M
Hn Ht
router
Introduction
6 Presentation
5 4 Session
Transport
Network Data link Physical Network Data link Physical
Transport
Network Data link Physical
3 2
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OSI Motivation
Standard way of breaking up a system in a set of components, but the components are organized as a set of layers.
Only horizontal and vertical communication Components/layers can be implemented and modified in isolation
Each layer offers a service to the higher layer, using the services of the lower layer. Peer layers on different systems communicate via a protocol.
higher level protocols (e.g. TCP/IP, Appletalk) can run on multiple lower layers multiple higher level protocols can share a single physical network
Its only a model! - TCP/IP has been crazy successful, and its not based on a rigid OSI model. But the OSI model has been very successful at shaping thought.
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OSI Functions
(1) Physical: transmission of a bit stream. (2) Data link: flow control, framing, error detection. (3) Network: switching and routing. (4) Transport: reliable end to end delivery. (5) Session: managing logical connections. (6) Presentation: data transformations. (7) Application: specific uses, e.g. mail, file transfer, telnet, network management.
Looking at protocols
End-to-end protocols
TCP, apps, etc.
Standards
File formats, etc.
Application
Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical
Transport/network.
Typically part of the operating system
Datalink.
Often written by vendor of the network interface hardware
Physical.
Hardware: card and link
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OSI Layers
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Computer Protocol Software Router Hardware Network Interface Computer Bridge HW/SW
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Many implementations of many technologies: Hosts running FreeBSD, Linux, Windows, MacOS, People using Mozilla, Explorer, Opera, Routers made by cisco, juniper, Hardware made by IBM, Dell, Apple, And it changes all the time. But they can all talk together because they use the same protocol(s)
Application level protocols: HTTP, SMTP, POP, IMAP, etc. Hardware protocols (ethernet, etc)
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But we dont want to have to write a web (HTTP) browser for TCP networks running IP over Ethernet on Copper and another for the fiber version
Reuse! Abstraction! Protocols provide a standard interface to write to Layers hide the details of the protocols below
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TCP
IP
TCP
IP
Each header includes a demultiplexing field that is used to identify the next layer.
Filled in by the sender Used by the receiver
V/HL
TOS
Length
ID
TTL Prot.
Flags/Offset
H. Checksum
Http hdr
Web page
Application Presentation
...
TCP header Application payload
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Application
Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical
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Internetworking Options
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
physical 1
data link 2 1 1
repeater
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
network 3 2 2 1 1
...
3 2 1 3 2 1
router
gateway 22
Internetworking (72-80).
Multiple networks with inter-networking: networks are independent, but need some rules for interoperability Key concepts: best effort service, stateless routers, decentralized control (very different from telephones!) Basis for Internet: TCP, IP, congestion control, DNS, Rapid growth: 10 to 100000 hosts in 10 years Driven by NSF net, research communigy
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Standardization
De facto standards.
Standards is based on an existing systems Gives the company that developed the base system a big advantage Often results in competing standards before the official standard is established
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Network Types
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Network spread geographically (Country or across Globe) is called WAN (Wide Area Network)
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Geographic Distribution
Networks
High-speed network that connects LANs in a metropolitan area Managed by a consortium of users or a single network provider
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Geographic Distribution
Networks
Connected via many types of media One large network or two or more interconnected LANs, MANs
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Network Topologies
can be located
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F. Network Topology
1.
2. 3.
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Star Network
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Ring Network
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Bus Network
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mesh of interconnected routers the fundamental question: how is data transferred through net? circuit switching: dedicated circuit per call: telephone net packet-switching: data sent thru net in discrete chunks
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link bandwidth, switch capacity dedicated resources: no sharing circuit-like (guaranteed) performance call setup required
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Example: 4 users
resource contention: aggregate resource demand can exceed amount available congestion: packets queue, wait for link use store and forward: packets move one hop at a time
statistical multiplexing
1.5 Mb/s
Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern, shared on demand statistical multiplexing. TDM: each host gets same slot in revolving TDM frame.
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Packet-switching: store-and-forward
L R
Takes L/R seconds to transmit (push out) packet of L bits on to link or R bps Entire packet must arrive at router before it can be transmitted on next link: store and forward delay = 3L/R (assuming zero propagation delay)