-- A.

ASHWINI

Aspirations
High data rate wireless communications links with transmission rates

nearing 1 Gigabit/second (will quantify a bit shortly)

Provide high speed links that still offer good Quality of Service (QoS)

(will be quantified mathematically)

Aspirations of a System Designer

Achieve High data rate Quality Channel Capacity (C) Minimize Probability of Error (Pe)

Real-life Issues

Minimize complexity/cost of implementation of proposed System Minimize transmission power required (translates into SNR) Minimize Bandwidth (frequency spectrum) Used

Introduction
Conventional (SISO) Wireless Systems
channel
Radio DSP RX Bits TX DSP Radio Bits

Conventional Single Input Single Output (SISO) systems were favored for simplicity and low-cost but have some shortcomings: Outage occurs if antennas fall into null Switching between different antennas can help Energy is wasted by sending in all directions Can cause additional interference to others Sensitive to interference from all directions
Output power limited by single power amplifier

MIMO Wireless Systems

Bits D S P TX Radio Radio

channel

Radio Radio

D S P RX

Bits

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems with multiple parallel radios improve the following:
MIMO networks interfaces are high speed wireless networks. Outages reduced by using information from multiple antennas Transmit power can be increased via multiple power amplifiers Higher throughputs possible Transmit and receive interference limited by some techniques

MIMO Hardware Requirements

MIMO Transmitter (parallelism and data rate scaling)

MOD FEC Stream Split MOD Spatial Mapping

IFFT

RF

IFFT

RF

1* O(Bw*Es*Ns)

Ns * O(Bw*Es)

1* NT* NT* O(Bw*Es*Ns*NT) O(Bw*Es) Analog RF

Antennas
An antenna is an electrical conductor or system of conductors

to send/receive RF signals Transmission - radiates electromagnetic energy into space Reception - collects electromagnetic energy from space In MIMO, each antenna can be used for transmission and reception.widley used is micro tip antenna in MIMO

Omnidirectional Antenna (lower frequency)

Directional Antenna (higher frequency)

Types of Channels

MIMO Hardware Requirements

MIMO Receiver (parallelism and data rate scaling)
FFT Demod RF

MIMO Equalizer
RF

Stream Merge Demod

DEC

FFT

NR* Analog RF

NR* O(Bw*Es)

1* O(Bw*Es*NR*Ns2)

Ns* O(Bw*Es)

Ns* 1* O(Bw*Es) O(Bw*Es*Ns)

MIMO System Model

s1
User data stream . .

h11 h12 . . Channel Matrix H

y1
y2
. . User data stream

s2

.
. sM

yM y Received vector

s Transmitted vector

y = Hs + n
MT h11 h21 .. hM1 h12 h22 .. hM2 . . .. . h1M h2M .. hMM hij is a Complex Gaussian random variable that models fading gain between the ith transmit and jth receive antenna

Where H =

MR

MIMO Channel Capacity

The instantaneous channel capacity C Increases in MIMO networks

due to multi paths for transmission.

The instantaneous channel capacity C can be calculated as

C= min (MT,MR) log 2 (P/MT) + constant b/s/Hz

The capacity expression presented was over one realization of the

channel. Capacity is a random variable and has to be averaged over infinite realizations to obtain the true ergodic capacity. Outage capacity is another metric that is used to capture this

MIMO Design Criterion

There are two basic types of MIMO technology:
Beam forming MIMO

Standards-compatible techniques to improve the range of existing data rates using transmit and receive beamforming Also reduces transmit interference and improves receive interference tolerance

Spatial-multiplexing MIMO

Allows even higher data rates by transmitting parallel data streams in the same frequency spectrum Fundamentally changes the on-air format of signals Requires new standard (11n) for standards-based operation Proprietary modes possible but cannot help legacy devices

MIMO Scalability
Moores law
Doubling transistors every couple of years

MIMO
Increases number of streams
Higher performance/speed Higher complexity

MIMO is the bridge to allow us to exploit Moores law to get higher performance

Need of power management in MIMO Networks

In static mimo configuration all antennas are active so the power

consumption is very high.

To avoid this we present a novel management solution for mimo

network interfaces on mobile systems , called Antenna management.

Antenna management
It adaptively disable a subset of antennas and their RF chains to reduce

power consumption. Antenna management dynamically determines the number of active antennas to minimize energy per bit while satisfying data rate requirement. Antenna management can save one-end and two-end power consumption to the front end of the MIMO network interface by 21% and 13% compared to a static MIMO link that always uses all antennas. We employ both MATLAB-based simulation and prototype-based experiment to validate the energy efficiency benefits of antenna management. We first present an algorithm that solves the problem of minimizing energy per bit. After that antenna management can be realized with little change to the wireless standards like 802.11n to maximize energy efficiency.

MIMO based 802.11n System Design

802.11n is a specification for wireless LAN (WLAN) communications. It

consist only physical layer & MAC layer of OSI model Main Features Extended bandwidth (40MHz) Power saving Advanced coding Higher-speed standards -- under development Several competing and non-compatible technologies; often called "pren It provides synchronization & also power management.

802.11 - infrastructure network

Station (STA)
802.11 LAN 802.x LAN

terminal with access

STA1

BSS1

Access Point

Portal

Distribution System ESS BSS2

Access Point

STA2

802.11 LAN

STA3

mechanisms to the wireless medium and radio contact to the access point Basic Service Set (BSS) group of stations using the same radio frequency Access Point station integrated into the wireless LAN and the distribution system Portal bridge to other (wired) networks Distribution System interconnection network to form one logical network based on several BSS

Experimental setup for the prototype-based evaluation of antenna management

In the above diagram One WARP node with antenna management emulates the mobile node, the other WARP node with legacy 802.11n emulates the access point, and one laptop controls both nodes as well as collects data.

802.11 Market Evolution

802.11

Industry Verticals

Campus Networking

Enterprise

Public hotspots Mobile Operators

Broadband access to home

Warehouses Factory floors Medical Remote data entry; business process efficiency improvement Freedom from wires for laptop users; productivity enhancement

Mobile user population without any office space

Revenue generation opportunity; low cost alternative to GPRS

Untested proposition; attempts are ongoing

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Thank you !