Sem I 0809/rosdiyana

Chapter 5:
BJT Small-Signal Analysis
Contents
1. Common-Emitter fixed-bias configuration
2. Voltage divider bias
3. CE Emitter bias
4. Emitter-follower configuration
5. Common-base configuration



r
e
transistor model employs a diode and controlled
current source to duplicate the behavior of a transistor in
the region of interest.
The r
e
and hybrid models will be used to analyze small-
signal AC analysis of standard transistor network
configurations.
Ex: Common-base, common-emitter and common-collector
configurations.
The network analyzed represent the majority of those
appearing in practice today.
BJT Small Signal Analysis
AC equivalent of a network is obtained by:
1. Setting all DC sources to zero
2. Replacing all capacitors by s/c equiv.
3. Redraw the network in more convenient and
logical form
1/5: Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration
The input (Vi) is applied to the base and the output (Vo) is from the collector.

The Common-Emitter is characterized as having high input impedance and low output
impedance with a high voltage and current gain.

Removing DC effects of VCC and Capacitors
Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration
re Model
Determine |, re, and ro:
| and ro: look in the specification sheet for the transistor or test the transistor using a
curve tracer.
re: calculate re using dc analysis:
E
e
I
26mV
r =
Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration
Impedance Calculations
Input Impedance: Output Impedance:






e B i
r || R Z | =
e B

e i
r 10 R
r Z
|
|
>
~
O
r || R Z
C o
=
c

o
10 ro
Z
R
R
c
>
~
Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration

Gain Calculations
Voltage Gain (Av):







Current Gain (Ai):






Current Gain from Voltage Gain:


e
o C
i
o
v
r
) r || (R
V
V
A = =
C o
e
C
v
10R r
r
R
A
>
=
) r )(R R (r
r R
I
I
A
e B C o
o B
i
o
i
|
|
+ +
= =
e B C o
i
r 10 R , 10R r
A
|
|
> >
~
C
i
v i
R
Z
A A =
Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration
Voltage Gain
e
C
v C o
e
o C
e b
o C b
v
e b i
o C b O
i
O
v
r
R
A 10R or r if
r
) r || (R

r I
) r || (R I
A
r I V
) r || (R I V
V
V
A
= > O =
=

=
=
=
=
Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration
Current gain
( )( )
( )( )
C
i
v i
B o
B o
i
o
i
e B C o
e B C o
B o
i
o
i
e B
B
C o
o
i
b
b
o
i
o
i
e B
B
i
b
e B
i B
b
C o
o
b
o
C o
b o
o
R
Z
A A
oo equation t this use can or we

R r
R r
I
I
A
, r 10 R and 10R r if
r R R r
R r
I
I
A
r R
R
R r
r
I
I
I
I
I
I
A

r R
R
I
I
and
r R
I R
I
R r
r
I
I
and
R r
I r
I
circuits output and input the to rule divider - current
the applying by determined is gain current The
=
= ~ =
> >
+ +
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration
Phase Relationship
The phase relationship between input and output is 180 degrees. The negative sign used in
the voltage gain formulas indicates the inversion.
Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration
2/5 CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration
re Model
You still need to determine |, re, and ro.
CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration
Impedance Calculations
Input Impedance: Output Impedance:





2 1
2 1
2 1
R R
R R
R || R R
+
= =
'
e r || R Zi B
'
=
o C r || R Zo=
C
C
10R ro
R Zo
>
~
CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration

Gain Calculations
Voltage Gain (Av):






Current Gain (Ai):






Current Gain from Voltage Gain:


e
o C
i
o
v
r
r || R
V
V
A

= =
C o
e
C
i
o
v
10R r
r
R
V
V
A
>
~ =
) r R )( R (r
r R
I
I
A
e C o
o
i
o
i
|
|
+
'
+
'
= =
C o
e i
o
i
10R r
r R
R
I
I
A
>
+
'
'
~ =
|
e C o
i
o
i
r 10 R , 10R r
I
I
A
|
|
> ' >
~ =
C
i
v i
R
Z
A A =
CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration
Voltage Gain
e
C
v C o
e
o C
v
o C
e
i
o
e
i
b
o C b O
r
R
A 10R or r if
r
) r || (R
A
) r || (R
r
V
V
r
V
I
) r || )(R I ( V

= > O =

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
=
CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration
Current gain
( )( )
( )
( )
e
e o
o
i
o
i
C o
e C o
o
i
o
i
B 2 1
r R'
R'

r R' r
r R'
I
I
A
, R 10 r for
r R' R r
r R'
I
I
A
R R || R R'
format. same the have
gain will current for the equation the , R' the
for except ion, configurat bias - fixed emitter -
common that similar to so is network the since
+
~
+
~ =
>
+ +
= =
= =
CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration
C
i
V i
i
o
i
i
o
i
e
R
Z
A A
option an as
I
I
A
R'
R'
I
I
A
, r 10 R' if And
=
~ =
= =
>
|
|
CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration
Phase Relationship
A CE amplifier configuration will always have a phase relationship between input and
output is 180 degrees. This is independent of the DC bias.
CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration
3/5. CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
Unbypassed R
E
re Model
Again you need to determine |, re.
CE Emitter-Bias Configuration

Impedance Calculations
Input Impedance: Output Impedance:

E e b
1)R ( r Z + + = | |
) R (r Z
E e b
+ ~ |
e E

E b
r R
R Z
>>
~ |
b B i
Z || R Z =
C o
R Z =
CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
Defining the input impedance of a transistor with an
unbypassed emitter resistor
E b
e E
E e b
E e
b
i
b
E b e b i
E e e b i
R Z
to reduced be can above eqn , r an greater th much is R since
R r Z
1, an greater th normally is since
R ) 1 ( r
I
V
Z
R I ) 1 ( r I V
R I r I V
: side input the to KVL Applying
~
+ ~
+ + = =
+ + =
+ =
CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
Voltage Gain (Av):








Current Gain (Ai):





Current Gain from Voltage Gain:


Gain Calculations
b
C
i
o
v
Z
R
V
V
A
|
= =
) R (r Z
R r
R
V
V
A
E e b
E e
C
i
o
v
+ =
+
= =
|
E b
E
C
i
o
v
R Z
R
R
V
V
A
| ~
~ =
b B
B
i
o
i
Z R
R
I
I
A
+
= =
|
C
i
v i
R
Z
A A =
or
CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
Voltage Gain
E
C
i
o
V
E b
E e
C
i
o
V
E e b
b
C
i
o
V
C
b
i
C b C o o
b
i
b
R
R
V
V
A
R ion Z approximat for the and
R r
R
V
V
A
gives ) R (r Z ng substituti
Z
R
V
V
A
R
Z
V

R I R I V
Z
V
I

= =
~
+

= =
+ =

= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= =
=
CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
Current Gain
C
R
Z
A A
Z R
R
I
I
I
I
I
I
A
I
I
I I
Z R
R
I
I
Z R
I R
I
: in result ll circuit wi input the to rule divider - current the Applying . I I
ion approximat permit the to Z to close often too is R of magnitude The
i
v i
b B
B
i
b
b
o
i
o
i
b
o
b o
b B
B
i
b
b B
i B
b
i b
b B
=
+
= = =
=
=
+
=
+
=
=
|
|
|
CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
Phase Relationship
A CE amplifier configuration will always have a phase relationship between input and
output is 180 degrees. This is independent of the DC bias.
CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
Bypassed RE


















This is the same circuit as the CE fixed-bias configuration and therefore can be solved
using the same re model.
4/5. CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
Emitter-Follower Configuration
You may recognize this as the Common-Collector configuration. Indeed they are the same
circuit.
Note the input is on the base and the output is from the emitter.
re Model
You still need to determine | and re.
Emitter-Follower Configuration
Impedance Calculations
Input Impedance:




b B i
Z || R Z =
E e b
1)R ( r Z + + = | |
) R (r Z
E e b
+ ~ |
E b
R Z | ~
Emitter-Follower Configuration
Calculation for the current I
e
E e
i
e
e
e
e
E
e
i
E e
i
e
b
b
i
b e
b
i
b
R r
V
I
r

r
1) (
r
and
1) ( but
R
1) (
r
V

1)R ( r
1)V (
I
gives for Z g subtitutin
Z
V
1) ( 1)I ( I
Z
V
I
+
=
= ~
+
~ +
+
(

+
=
+ +
+
=
+ = + =
=
Emitter-Follower Configuration
Impedance Calculations (contd)
Output Impedance:




















e E o
r || R Z =
e E

e o
r R
r Z
>>
~
E e
i
e
R r
V
I
ion configurat follower emitter for the impedence output the Defining
+
=
Emitter-Follower Configuration
Gain Calculations
Voltage Gain (Av):







Current Gain (Ai):





Current Gain from Voltage Gain:


e E
E
i
o
v
r R
R
V
V
A
+
= =
E e E e E
i
o
v
R r R , r R
1
V
V
A
~ + >>
~ =
b B
B
i
Z R
R
A
+
~
|
E
i
v i
R
Z
A A =
Emitter-Follower Configuration
Voltage gain
1
V
V
A
R r R
, r an greater th much usually R
r R
R
V
V
A
r R
V R
V
i
o
v
E e E
e E
e E
E
i
o
v
e E
i E
o
~ =
~ +
+
= =
+
=
Emitter-Follower Configuration
Current Gain
E
i
v i
b B
B
i
b B
B
i
b
b
o
i
o
i
b
o
b e o
b B
B
i
b
b B
i B
b
R
Z
A A or
Z R
R
A
, ) 1 ( since
Z R
R
) 1 (
I
I
I
I
I
I
A
) 1 (
I
I
I ) 1 ( I I
Z R
R
I
I
Z R
I R
I
=
+
~
~ +
+
+ = = =
+ =
+ = =
+
=
+
=
|
| |
|
|
|
Emitter-Follower Configuration
Phase Relationship
A CC amplifier or Emitter Follower configuration has no phase shift between input and
output.
V
o

Emitter-Follower Configuration
5/5. Common-Base (CB) Configuration
The input (Vi) is applied to the emitter and the output (Vo) is from the collector.

The Common-Base is characterized as having low input impedance and high output
impedance with a current gain less than 1 and a very high voltage gain.
re Model
You will need to determine o and re.
Common-Base (CB) Configuration
Impedance Calculations
Input Impedance: Output Impedance:

e E i
r || R Z =
C o
R Z =
Common-Base (CB) Configuration
Gain Calculations
Voltage Gain (Av):





Current Gain (Ai):


e
C
e
C
i
o
v
r
R
r
R
V
V
A ~ = =
o
1
I
I
A
i
o
i
~ = = o
Common-Base (CB) Configuration
Voltage & Current gain
e
C
e
C
i
o
V
C
e
i
o
e
i
e
C e
C c C o o
r
R
r
R

V
V
A
R
r
V
V
r
V
I
R I
) R I ( R I V
~ = =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
=
= =
1
I
I
A
I I I
I I
i
o
i
i e o
i e
= = =
= =
=
o
o o
Common-Base (CB) Configuration
Phase Relationship
A CB amplifier configuration has no phase shift between input and output.
V
o

Common-Base (CB) Configuration