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Prepared by : MKDah Supervised by : Dr. Abed Al-Raouf EL-Manaama

Sadly the world has changed. The threat of bioterrorism is real and growing.
Margaret Hamburg MD Oct 12, 1999

The

nation is woefully unprepared to deal with bioterrorism

Jerome M. Hauer

BW CDC Category A
High

priority agent Pose national security risk Easily transmitted & disseminated High mortality Major public health impact

BW CDC Category A
Anthrax Botulism Plague Smallpox Tularemia Ebola Marburg hemorrhagic fever Lassa fever Argentinehemorrhagic fever

BW CDC Category B
Easy

to disseminate Low mortality rates

BW CDC Category B
Q fever Brucellosis Glanders Venezuelan encephalomyelitis Eastern equine encephalomyelitis Western equine encephalomyelitis Ricin Clostridium perfringens Staph enterotoxin B SalmonellaShigella dysenteria E coli Vibrio cholerae Cryptosporidium parvum

BW CDC Category C
Emerging

Pathogens Possibly engineerable

BW CDC Category C
Nipah

virus Hantavirus Tickborne hemorrhagic fever Tickborne encephalitis virus Yellow fever Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis

BW Early History
Assyrians

poisoned wells with Rye Ergot

BW Early History

Romans
Used dead animals to foul enemys water Lessened numbers Lowered morale

Tartars

Catapulted dead bubonic plague victims Caused medieval European plague epidemic

BW Early History
British

French-Indian War

Gifts of smallpox infected blankets Devastated # of Indians

BW Modern British
Feared

a German-Japanese advantage in WW II Studied anthrax dispersion Gruinard Island off the coast of Scotland Too close to mainland

infected coastal sheep

Gruinard Island still contaminated with spores

BW Modern US
US Program 1942 Acquired Japanese data 1956 USSR accused US

in Korea USSR threatened retaliatory Chemical & BW US shifted to defensive research Sprayed Serratia over populated areas San Francisco 10 infected, 1 died 1966 B. subtilis dispersed in NY subways

of using BW

BW Modern Russian
1979

Sverdlosk factory exploded followed by Anthrax outbreak >66 dead All accusations of BW research were denied 1992 Yeltsin confirmed Anthrax research vowed to stop all BW research Allegations of super virus research

BW advantages
Great

killing efficiency Biological toxins are among the most toxic agents known

Botulinum 3 million x more potent than Sarin

Large

quantities can be produced in a short period. Conventional weapons explode once, BW like the energizer bunny keeps on going. Easy and inexpensive to grow

BW cost to affect 1 km2

Cost $2000 $800 $600 $1 Type of weapon Conventional Nuclear Chemical Biological

BW disadvantages
Unpredictable Lifespan

of material Poor storage survival Difficult to control once released Difficulty of protecting the workers at all stages of production, transportation, loading of delivery systems and final delivery

Biological Weapon Production

A

biological agent must first be chosen and acquired. Various selection and modification procedures alter characteristics of the microorganism. The agent is then prepared for delivery

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BW

Highly infectious Efficiently dispersible Readily grown and produced in large quantities. Stable in storage Resistant enough to environmental conditions Resistant to treatment

pathogen can be obtained from two major sources:

Its natural environment A microbiology laboratory or bank (ATCC) Creating them

Modification
Increasing

pathogenicity Shorting incubation peroid <<< fast-acting disease. Acquisition of pathogenicity. Other changes could make treatments, vaccines, or the body's immune system useless.

Delivery preparation
Exposure

to environmental stresses reduce the agent's activity. need (Anthrax) processing

Dont Other

Lyophilization

Delivery
Biological

warfare agents can be disseminated in various ways:

Through the air by aerosol sprays Used in explosives Put into food or water Absorbed through or injected into the skin.

Detection
Disease

(or strain) not endemic Unusual antibiotic resistance patterns Atypical clinical presentation Case distribution geographically and/or temporally inconsistent Other inconstant elements

Large # of fatal cases Lower attack rate in people who were indoors. Deviations from disease occurrence

Protective measures
Generally

not transmitted from person to person (except pneumonic plague & smallpox)

Masks Clothing Medical

protection:

Health care providers should use latex gloves and wear gowns and masks Victims would be isolated in private rooms while receiving treatment.

Protective measures
Antibiotics Vaccinations:

Currently available Anthrax Botulinum toxin Tularemia, plague Q fever Smallpox.

Immune protection against ricin and staphylococcal toxins may also be possible in the near future.

Thanks