Wastewater Treatment

Objectives
Understand role and of microorganisms in wastewater treatment Understand different classes of microorganisms Grit Chamber

Role of microorganisms

Stabilize organic matter: convert organic matter to nonbiodegradable form so that it does not exert oxygen demand

Classifying bacteria

By energy and carbon source

heterotrophs: use organic material as source of carbon autotrophs: use CO2 as source of carbon phototrophs: obtain energy from sunlight chemotrophs: extract energy from redox reactions organotrophs: obtain energy from organic materials lithotrophs: obtain energy from inorganic species

Classifying bacteria

By relationship to oxygen
obligate aerobes: need oxygen, use it as terminal electron acceptor obligate anaerobes: cannot grow in the presence of oxygen facultative anaerobes: under certain conditions can grow in the absence of oxygen

Classifying bacteria

By relationship with temperature

psychrophiles: grow best at temperatures less than 20 oC mesophiles: grow best at temperatures between 20 and 40 oC thermophiles: grow best at temperatures greater than 40 oC

Important organisms in w/w treatment

Bacteria
Nitrobacter Nitrosomonas

Tricking filter bacteria

Important organisms in w/w treatment

Fungi

Important organisms in w/w treatment

Algae

Important organisms in w/w treatment

Nemotodes

Important organisms in w/w treatment

Protozoa
Stentor
Coleps

Paramecium

Important organisms in w/w treatment

Rotifers,

ciliates, crustaceans

What do we need to remove during w/w treatment?

Sand, grit, debris BOD - organic matter Bacteria, viruses, protozoan parasites Ammonia, nitrate Phosphate Suspended particles Odor, color Specific chemicals

Municipal Wastewater Treatment

Raw sewage Bar Rack Grit Chamber Equilization Basin

Pretreatment

Municipal Wastewater Treatment

Raw sewage Bar Rack

Grit Chamber
Equilization Basin Primary settling

Pretreatment

Primary Treatment

Bar racks

Purpose: remove larger objects Solid material stored in hopper and sent to landfill Mechanically cleaned or manually cleaned

Grit chambers

Purpose: remove inert dense material, such as sand, broken glass, silt and pebbles Avoid abrasion of pumps and other mechanical devices Material is called grit

Velocity Controlled Grit chambers

Horizontal-flow grit chambers Assume material settles by gravity so can use Stokes Law Horizontal liquid velocity should be < 0.3 m/s Must use at least 2 channels Mechanical or manual cleaning td of 1 min for average flows

Velocity Controlled Grit chambers

Aerated Grit Chamber

Spiral roll drives the grit into a hopper located under the air diffuser assembly Air flow rates: 0.15 to 0.45 m3/min Length to width ratios: (2.5 - 5.0):1 Depths: 2 - 5 m td = 3 min at peak flow

Design Of Grit Chambers

The various considerations involved are: Settling velocity SOR Detention Time Bottom Scour Velocity controlled devices No. and Dimensions of unit

Discrete settling
Assume the particles Fb Fd have a density of p, a spherical volume of Vp, a mass, mp, a cross-sectional area of A. Assume the particle settles Fg at a velocity of vs. Assume CD is the coefficient of drag Assume the density of water is g

Discrete settling
Balance the forces, Fg, Fb, Fd Assume flow is laminar (Re < 1) Then settling velocity, vs =

2 ( p w )d p

18

where = absolute viscosity of water (centipoise of 10-2 gm/cm-s)

Disposal of Grit
Dumping Burying Sanitary land fill

Item Range Dimensions Depth Length 2-5 7.5-20

Value Typical

Width
Width:Depth

2.5-7.0
1:1-5:1 2:1

Detention Time
Air supply

2-5
0.15-0.45

3
0.3

Equilization Basins
Purpose: To dampen variations in flow and characteristics Large aerated basins to keep wastes from going anaerobic Basins are also mixed to prevent settling

Equilization Basins

East Lansing WWTP

Primary Settling
Purpose: to remove settleable material not removed previously, to remove floating material (scum) Dimensions:

15 to 100 m in length 3 to 24 m in width Length to width ratios (3 - 5):1 Side-water depths: 2 to 5 m 3 to 9 m in diameter, 2.5 to 5 m

Primary Settling

Major design parameter is overflow rare

At average flow: 25 to 60 m3/m2d At peak flow: 80 to 120 m3/m2d td = 1.5 to 2.5 hr Weir loading:

< 120 m3/d of flow per m length of weir (where Qavg < 0.04 m3/s) < 190 m3/d of flow per m length of weir (where Qavg > 0.04 m3/s)

Primary Settling Basins

Primary Settling Basins

Primary Settling Basins