Types of data
Secondary
Data: Which have been gathered earlier for some purpose Data: Collected at first hand either by the researcher or by someone else.
Primary
Secondary Data
ADVANTAGES:
Economical Time saving Can be used as comparison between different kinds of data Study of secondary data increases the understanding of the problem
Secondary Data
DISADVANTAGES: The unit of expression of secondary data may not be the same of the required unit. The class boundaries may not also be the same. Accuracy of data can be questionable May be out of date.
and present information. Present behaviour can be observed, but past results of past behaviour may be observed.
Questionnaire: A way of collecting information
Types of Questionnaire
Structured
Structured Questionnaire
A formal list of Questions framed so as to get the facts The questions are asked strictly at the pre-arranged order. Can be of 2 types:
Non- disguised/Direct-
Where the listing questions are in a prearranged order and where the object of enquiry is reveled to the respondent.
Structured-Disguised/Indirect-
Non-Structured Questionnaire
The order in which they are to be asked from the respondent is left entirely to the researcher Types: a) Non-structured-Non-Disguised/Direct b) Non-structured-Disguised/Indirect
Non- Structured Non- disguised/DirectThe questions are not structured and the purpose is disclosed to the students Non- Structured-Disguised/Indirect- The questions are not structured and the purpose is not disclosed to the students
Designing a Questionnaire
Phrasing of the questions Order of Questions Number of Questions Layout of the Questionnaire Mail-Questionnaire
Open-ended Questions
Gives the respondent complete freedom to decide the Length and form of the answer. It is better when the researcher aims to understand the issue uppermost in the mind of the respondent It is difficult to note down these answers during the interview
Dichotomous Questions
Most convenient and least bothersome to the respondents Simply has to indicate one of the two possible answers Minimum time consuming to respondents
Sampling terms
Elements:
The unit about which information is collected and which provides the basis for analysis. The set of individuals, items or data from which a statistical sample is taken. It is an agreement of the elements.
Population:
Sampling terms
Sampling
Unit: The element or elements considered available for selection in some stage of the sampling process.
Kinds of Sampling
Convenience
are selected using probability methods, but additional units are then obtained from information supplied by the initial units.
Sampling terms
Judgment Sampling: Units are selected on the basis of what experts thins would satisfy their criterion.