Electric Charge

Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property

of some subatomic particles, which determines their
electromagnetic interaction. Electrically charged matter
is influenced by, and produces, electromagnetic fields.
The interaction between a moving charge and an
electromagnetic field is the source of the
electromagnetic force, which is one of the four
fundamental forces. The electric charge on a body may
be positive or negative.
The SI unit of electric charge is the coulomb, which is
equivalent to about 6.25 10
18
e (e is the charge on a
single electron or proton).
Electric Charge
Electric Charge
there are two kinds of charge, positive
and negative
positive charge comes from having more
protons than electrons; negative charge
comes from having more electrons than
protons
charge is quantized, meaning that charge
comes in integer multiples of the elementary
charge e
charge is conserved
like charges repel, unlike charges attract
Electricity - electrons moving through a
metal wire.
Electric Current
Electric current is the flow of electric
charge. The electric charge may be
either electrons or ions. The SI unit of
electric current intensity is the ampere.
Electric current is measured using an
ammeter.
Electric Current are two types
Direct current
Alternating current
Electricity
D.C.
Direct Current
A.C.
Alternating Current
Direct Current
Direct current is the unidirectional flow
of electric charge. Direct current is
produced by such sources as batteries,
thermocouples, solar cells etc. In direct
current, the electric charges flow in a
constant direction
Fig: Direct Current
Time
|
i
Alternating Current
In alternating current the movement of
electric charge periodically reverses
direction. An electric charge would for
instance move forward, then backward,
then forward, then backward, over and
over again
Fig: Alternating Current
Time
|
i
Electric Field
The space surrounding an electric charge
has a property called an electric field. This
electric field exerts a force on other
electrically charged objects. The electric field
is a vector field with SI units of Newton per
coulomb (N C
1
) or, equivalently, Volts per
meter (V m
1
). The strength of the field at a
given point is defined as the force that would
be exerted on a positive test charge of +1
coulomb placed at that point; the direction of
the field is given by the direction of that force.
Electric Field
Electric potential
Electric potential of a point of an electric
field is the work done to bring one unit of
positive charge from infinity to that point.
It is a scalar quantity. The physics code
for electrical potential is . The SI unit
of electric potential is volt. So,
1 volt = 1 joule/1 coulomb
Coulombs Law
Two point charge will attract or
repel each other by a force which
is proportional to the product of the
magnitude of their charges and
inversely proportional to the squire
of their distance. And the force act in
the direction of their joining line.
Coulombs Law
1
Q
2
Q
d
1 Figure
two point charge Q1
and Q2 are separated
in a medium by
distance d. If the force
between this two charge
particle is F then,
1 2
F Q Q
2
1
F
d
and
1 2
2
Q Q
F
d

Coulombs Law
1 2
2
,
Q Q
Or F K
d

=
Here, K is a proportional constant.
The value of k is depends on the system
of unit. In SI system, the unit of F is
Newton, unit of charge is coulombs and
unit of distance is meter. In this system
the unit of K in free space is,
9 2 2
0
1
9 10
4
K Nm C
tc

= =
Coulombs Law
1 2
2
0
1
,
4
Q Q
Or F
d tc

=
This is the mathematical Expression
of Coulomb's law.
Math Related to Coulombs Law
Example-1: Two Point charge of (+5)
coulombs and (-8) coulombs are
separated in air by distance 10m.
Find out the force between them.
Here,
Q
1
= +5 C
Q
2
= -8 C
d = 10 m
F =?
1 2
2
0
9 2 2
2
9
1
,
4
( 5 ) ( 8 )
, 9 10
(10 )
, 3.6 10
Q Q
Or F
d
C C
Or F Nm C
m
Or F N
tc

=
+
=
=
Ohms Law
Ohm's law states that the current through a
conductor between two points is directly
proportional to the potential difference or voltage
across the two points, and inversely proportional
to the resistance between them. The
mathematical equation that describes this
relationship is:
R
V
I =
Where I is the current in amperes, V is the
potential difference in volts, and R is a circuit
parameter called the resistance
Fuse
A fuse is a type of over current protection device.
Its essential component is a metal wire or strip
that melts when too much current flows, which
breaks the circuit in which it is connected, thus
protecting the circuit's other components from
damage due to excessive current.
Generator
An electrical generator is a device that converts
mechanical energy to electrical energy, generally
using electromagnetic induction. The reverse
conversion of electrical energy into mechanical
energy is done by a motor. The source of
mechanical energy may be turbine steam engine,
water falling through a turbine, an internal
combustion engine, a wind turbine, a hand crank,
compressed air or any other source of
mechanical energy.
Electric Power
Power: Electric power is measured by the
product of electric current and voltage.

So, P =
R I
R
V
I V
2
2
= =
kWh
t P
E
1000

=
Total uses of electric energy:
Where, P= Power in watt
t= Time in hour